US 

\^25e 


y ' ■/•i/rt/.  c^js'/izr^ 


r.  BJJTTEBFmL^ 


a I B R.ARY 
OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY 
or  ILLINOIS 

113 

VJ25& 


EVOLUTION  THEORY 

ORIGIN  OF  WORLDS, 


The  causes  which  produced  the  peculiarities 

AND  MOTIONS  OF  THE  SOLAR  SYSTEM,  IN- 
CLUDING THE  Asteroids,  rings  of 
Saturn,  moons  of  Uranus, 

METEORS,  AND  COMETS, 


CAUSE  OF  THE  SUN’S  LIGHT,  HEAT  AND  SPOTS, 

^LSO 

THE  ELEMENTARY  PRINCIPLES  OF  HEAT  AND  LIGHT- 

BY 


SETH  K.  WARREN. 


Lake  Geneva,  Wis.,  1888. 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  tlie 
year  1888,  by 
SETH  K.  WARREN, 

In  ilie  office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress  at 
Washington,  D.  C. 


LAKE  GENEVA  NEWS  JOB  PRINT. 


-j  C O S» 


l\3 

EVOLUTION  THEORY. 

This  theory  accMoints  for  the  foriiiatioii  of  the 
sun,  for  the  fonuation  of  all  the  [ilaiiets,  and  for 
their  positions,  tt  accounts  for  tlieir  revolving 
around  the  sun,  for  their  rotating  on  their  axes, 
and  for  their  orbits  being  elliptical.  It  accounts 
for  their  motion  in  their  orbits  decreasing  as  they 
increase  their  distance  from  the  sun,  for  their  or- 
bits being  nearly  on  a plane,  perpendicular  to  the 
axis,  and  over  the  sun’s  ecjnatoi*,  and  for  their  rotat- 
ing on  tlieir  axes  from  west  to  east.  It  explains  the 
cause  of  the  sun’s  being  a cool  planet  and  ac- 
counts for  the  sun’s  emitting  light,  and  the  plan- 
ets not  doing  so.  It  explains  the  cause  of  the 
planets  having  once  been  ineited  by  fervent  heat. 
It  explains  the  cause  of  the  moon  having  no 
water,  or  atmosphere,  the  cause  of  the  moon  not 
rotating  on  an  axis,  and  accounts  for  the  incli- 
nation of  the  earth’s  axis  to  the  plane  of  its  orbit, 
and  for  circling  of  the  earth’s  poles.  It  accounts 
^ for  the  moons  of  rranus  revolving  from  east  to 

^ west  contrary  to  those  of  all  other  planets;  ac- 

counts for  the  asteroids;  accounts  for  Sati^im’s 
rings;  accounts  for  the  formation  of  moons.  It 
explains  the  cause  of  the  superior  planets  having 
less  specific  gravity  than  others,  and  of  moons 
having  less  specific  gravity  than  their  superiors. 


i 


800941 


and  accounts  for  the  light  of  the  sun,  and  tlie 
spots  on  tlie  sun,  and  for  the  sun’s  rotation. 
It  explains  the  cause  of  the  oblateness  of  the  pri- 
mary planets,  and  of  moons  being  perfect  spheres 
without  oblateness.  It  also  accounts  for  the  sun’s 
corona  as  seen  in  total  eclipses.  It  explains  the 
cause  of  meteors  and  aerolites,  and  accounts  for 
the  comets  and  their  parabolic  and  hyperbolic  or- 
bits. It  accounts  for  the  zodiacal  light.  It  ac- 
counts for  the  creation  of  all  worlds,  and  ac- 
counts for  nebulae.  It  explains  the  cause  of  heat 
and  light;  a cause  that  will  in  the  course  of  time 
bring  all  created  worlds  into  chaotic  nebulae,  and 
in  the  course  of  time  will  reform  them  into  new 
worlds  of  light  and  motion. 


1 


CHAPTER  L 

The  present  theory  of  the  formation  of  worlds 
from  nehnions  matter,  was  first  proposed  by  Sir 
W illiam  Herseliel;  but  he  only  applied  it  to  the 
stellar  systems  and  suns.  He  did  not  speculate 
on  the  formation  of  solar  systems  by  the  separa- 
tion of  nebulous  globes  into  rings,  which  coalesced 
into  planets. 

Nebulse  are  planetary  matter,  so  expanded  by 
intense  heat  that  the  minute  particles  are  dis- 
solved into  atoms,  and  diffused  through  space; 
the  ultimate  particles  being  held  asunder  by  the 
expansion  of  heat. 

This  theory  is,  that  in  the  beginning,  all  mat- 
ter was  in  nebulae,  and  was  diffused  throughout 
infinite  space;  and  that  by  cooling  and  condens- 
ing, it  finally  broke  up  into  immense  masses;  and 
that  each  of  these  masses  resulted  in  a stellar 
system,  and  that  our  stellar  system  at  first  was  a 
very  irregular  nebulous  mass,  that  it  subsided 
into  a globe,  rotated  abandoned  rings  one  hijer 
another,  and  that  these  rings  broke  up  into  smaller 
masses  one  of  which  became  our  solar  system. 
Such  a formation  of  stars  as  this  theory  claims, 
would  be  an  impossible  resultant  from  the  laws 


and  forces  of  nature,  which  it  is  here  claimed 
would  produce  such  an  elfect. 

All  the  stars  which  we  behold  in  a clear  night, 
belong  to  our  system  of  stars,  which  is  called  a 
stellar  system,  or  a system  of  stars.  This  system 
of  stars  is  surrounded  by  immense  space;  and  far 
away  in  the  immensity  of  space  are  other  systems 
of  stars,  which  can  only  be  seen  through  powerful 
telescopes. 

The  powers  and  principal  forces  of  nature, 
which  formed  and  govern  the  planets,  and  sys- 
tems of  worlds,  are.  Gravity,  Inertia,  Electricity, 
Heat,  Light,  Ether  and  Resistance. 

Gravitation  is  strictly  a conservative  power, 
though  many  physicists  claim  that  it  is  also  a 
conversional  power. 

Sir  Isaac  Newton  claimed  that  gravity  was  not 
a property  of  matter,  but  a force  acting  mechan- 
ically on  matter  from  without.  This  reasoning 
must  have  arisen  from  his  supposing  that  gravity 
lost  its  power  of  attraction  when  the  matter  was 
in  nebulse,  which  state  was  caused  by  heat.  We 
know  that  gravity  does  not  lose  any  of  its  at- 
tractive power  by  reason  of  heat.  A bar  of  iron 
heated  to  the  state  of  fusion  weighs  the  same  as 
before. 

Gravitation  must  have  been  coexistent  with 


and  as  indestructible  as  matter.  And  ii  would  be 
an  unwarrantable  hypothesis  to  suppose  that  one 
was  conserved,  while  the  other  was  converted,  or 
annihilated. 

Gravity  is  contained  in  every  atom  of  matter, 
and  heat  only  separates  the  atoms  by  expansion; 
it  has  no  other  effect.  Heat  does  not  repel,  it  sim- 
ply expands  matter.  The  attractive  power  of 
gravity  was  the  same,  while  the  particles  of  mat- 
ter were  held  asunder  by  intense  heat,  as  it  is  to- 
day, in  particles  of  matter  in  a condensed  form. 

Gravity  is  a creative  power,  which  underlies  all 
tlie  atomic  forces  of  matter,  and  is  the  principle 
of  matter.  Its  power  radiates  through  the  realms 
of  space,  and  its  connections  extend  through  the 
universe  of  matter,  and  is  a continuous,  and  never 
ceasing  momentum  force  to  all  matter,  and  is  only 
held  in  check  by  the  force  of  resistance. 

Inertia  is  an  essential  property  of  matter,  but 
its  only  power  consists  in  its  resistance  to  force, 
and  its  conservation  of  force.  If  matter  is  at  rest, 
it  resists  the  power  to  move  it,  but  if  the  matter  is 
forced  into  motion,  it  resists  the  power  to  stop  it. 
This  negative  power  is  the  great  regulator  which 
balances  and  sustains  the  universe.  The  universal 
diffusion  of  matter  throughout  all  space,  caused 
by  intense  heat,  at  the  beginning  of  the  creation. 


4 


is  now  lielil  to  i)e  the  most  reasonabJe  theory  of 
creation. 

Let  us  trace  tlie  effect  that  would  be  produced 
by  the  physical  powers  from  matter  in  this  nebu- 
lous state.  All  tlie  matter  contained  in  all  the 
systems  was  in  an  inert  state;  but,  as  soon  as  the 
heat  radiated  away,  the  expanded  mass  would 
commence  contracting  through  the  force  of  grav- 
ity, and  this  would  produce  motion  throughout 
the  entire  mass.  And,  through  a course  of  time, 
it  would  be  attracted  to  the  most  dense  centers, 
and  the  masses  created  by  this  contracting  would 
separate  from  each  other  a long  way,  probably  as 
far  as  we  are  from  the  nearest  fixed  star.  These 
masses  would,  in  the  course  of  time,  contract 
down  to  globes,  if  their  mutual  attraction  did  not 
bring  them  to  a common  center  before;  and  here 
they  must  remain  until  they  are  finally  all  drawn 
together  by  their  own  attraction. 

The  advocates  of  this  theory  claim,  that  their 
mutual  attraction  would  sustain  them  in  their 
positions,  the  same  as  it  does  the  sun,  planets  and 
stars.  But  the  sun,  stars  and  planets  are  not  held 
in  their  positions  by  universal  gravitation  alone; 
they  have  an  equalizing  power,  which  just  bal- 
ances the  power  of  mutual  attraction,  and  which 
sustains  them  in  their  positions.  This  power  is 


inertia,  and  is  called  the  centrifugal  force;  but 
t!ie  centrifugal  force  is  only  inertia,  resisting  the 
power  of  gravity;  in  mechanics  it  is  its  resist- 
ance to  the  motive  power. 

If  all  matter  was  inert  at  the  beginning,  the 
physical  forces  of  nature  could  never  have  pro- 
<luced  the  motions  of  the  universe.  Thousands  of 
star  clusters  have  been  discovered,  far  greater 
than  our  system  of  stars,  with  an  immense  space 
surrounding  them;  and  from  our  standpoint  it  ap- 
pears as  though  the  center  was  a mass  of  stars. 
This  of  coui'se  would  be  a natural  consequence  of 
looking  through  a cluster  of  stars  in  a globular 
form,  but  it  proves  the  fact,  that  mutual  attraction 
alone  could  not  sustain  them  in  such  a form;  for 
there  is  an  inside  and  an  outside,  and  the  outside 
stars  could  not  sustain  themselves  from  the  in- 
side attraction,  for  there  is  nothing  but  space  on 
one  side,  and  millions  of  stars  on  the  other  side  of 
them. 

This  is  the  case  with  our  stellar  system.  Our 
sun  is  near  the  center,  and  our  system  of  stars  oc- 
cupy space  in  the  form  of  a broad  ring,  and  it 
would  be  impossible,  according  to  the  laws  of 
universal  gravity,  to  sustain  them  by  mutual  at- 
traction. In  order  to  sustain  their  positions,  they 
must  have  a great  velocity  around  a central  point 


v\lnch  they  could  not  acquire  from  such  forma- 
tions through  any  known  powers  of  nature. 

The  advocates  of  this  theory  do  not  attempt  to 
prove  their  assumptions,  in  regard  to  the  cause  of 
the  rotation  of  planets.  They  simply  say  that,  by 
the  attraction  of  the  particles  of  matter,  through 
cooling  and  condensing,  the  nebulous  masses  ac- 
quired a rotary  motion  upon  their  axes  of  rota- 
tion, which  was,  in  their  center  of  magnitude, 
slow  at  first;  but  increasing  their  velocity  as  tliey 
became  smaller;  and  that  these  rotations  com- 
menced, while  the  nebulous  masses  were  less 
dense  than  hydrogen  gas. 

The  laws  of  motion  require  all  moving  sub- 
stances to  follow  straight  lines,  unless  continu- 
ally deflected;  and  as  all  of  the  lines  of  attrac- 
tion, and  condensing  are  directed  to  the  center,  I 
fail  to  see  how  they  can  produce  a curvilinear 
motion.  Again,  the  attraction  and  condensing 
are  equal  at  every  radiant,  lineal,  distant  point. 
Then  again,  it  would  be  impossible  to  produce  the 
centrifugal  force,  in  so  light  a fluid,  through  and 
by  itself,  without  some  outside  power. 

This  theory  has  a chain  of  inconsistencies 
from  the  start  to  the  end.  The  first  assumption 
is,  that  in  the  beginning,  all  creation  was  ethe- 
realized  into  nebulae,  through  intense  heat,  but 


tliere  is  not  a word  said  as  to  tho  origin  of  this 
heat.  If  there  existed  such  an  intense  lieat,  tlnni 
tliere  must  have  been  a cause  for  this  heat.  Ky 
well  known  physical  laws,  we  know  that  heat  can 
not  produce  itself,  and  can  only  be  produced  by 
force.  Then  this  could  not  have  been  the  be- 
ginning. 

The  next  assumption  is,  that  this  intense  heat 
filled  all  space;  but,  through  tlie  course  of  time, 
radiated  away.  Now,  if  all  space  was  filled  with 
heat,  millions  of  times  greater  than  any  heat  that 
we  know  of,  where  can  a place  be  found  for  this 
heat  to  radiate  to?  Heat  is  only  propagated  by 
conduction  and  radiation,  and  can  only  be  con- 
ducted through,  or  radiated  to  a cooler  place,  or 
thing. 


8 


CHAPTER  II. 

So  far  we  have  been  reviewing  the  theory  of 
the  formation  of  siderial  sims.  We  will  now  re- 
view the  theory  of  the  formation  of  the  solar  sys- 
tem. La  Place  and  Swedenborg  endorsed  the  tlie- 
ory  of  Herschel,  and  they  took  for  granted  that 
the  sim  and  stars  were  already  formed,  and  re- 
volving around  their  axes  of  rotation.  They  as- 
sumed, that  the  sun’s  mass,  by  cooling  and  con- 
densing, increased  its  rotation,  thereby  increasing 
the  centrifugal  force  at  the  equator,  until  the 
mass  formed  a ridge  over  the  equator.  And  when 
the  mass  had  contracted  down  to  the  orbit  of  Nep- 
tune, a fluid  zone,  or  ring  was  detached  from  the 
equator,  and  left  revolving  in  space,  by  the  mass 
shrinking  away  from  it.  And,  that  the  ring  broke 
up  and  coalesced  into  a globe,  which  formed  the 
planet  Neptune.  And  that  Neptune,  in  its  turn, 
formed  its  satellite,  as  it  was  itself  formed.  The  ^ 

sun,  after  contracting  down  to  the  orbit  of  Uranus, 
abandoned  another  ring,  and  kept  contracting 
down  to  its  present  size,  leaving  a ring  for  each 
planet.  And  the  planets  that  have  several  moons 
formed  them  by  a series  of  rings. 

I will  here  quote  from  one  of  the  philosophers, 


writing  upon  this  nebular  theory.  He  says,  “Onr 
solar  system,  when,  in  the  condition  of  a very  rare, 
nehnlons  mass,  was  not  very  irregular  in  shap(‘. 
Soon  it  became  round,  rotated,  and  abandoned 
rings.  First  its  rotation  was  extremely  slow; 
then  by  degrees  it  increased  its  velocity  to  12,500 
miles  per  hour  when  the  ring  forming  Neptune 
was  abandoned.  Its  speed  was  still  increasing 
under  the  continued  action  of  gravity,  and  at 
last,  after  parting  many  rings  it  reached  the  enor- 
mous  and  almost  incredible  velocity  of  110,000 
miles  an  hour.  Then  the  ring  resulting  in  Mer- 
cury was  parted;  but  no  more  rings  were  parted 
because  no  greater  velocity  of  rotation  was 
reached.  The  ring  from  the  nebulous  mass  giv- 
ing origin  to  our  earth,  broke,  like  all  the  other 
solar  rings,  and  became  a contracting,  rotating, 
nebulous  globe.  This  latter  nebulous  globe  was 
large  enough  to  abandon  only  a single  ring,  and 
that  after  subsiding  into  a rotating  globe,  became 
our  moon.”  Again  he  says,  “The  sun,  when  at  the 
planet  Neptune,  was  twelve  millions  of  times 
lighter  than  hydrogen  gas,  and  when  at  Mercury, 
it  was  thirty  times  less  dense  than  hydrogen. 

This  unreasonable,  and  nonsensical  theory  of 
the  first  creation  of  the  universe,  with  all  the 
various  motions  and  peculiarities,  is  now  being 


taught  in  all  of  the  higher  institutions  of  learn- 
ing, throughout  the  civilized  world.  All  that  has 
been  written  in  support  of  this  theory,  does  not 
correspond  with  physical  laws,  or  facts.  This  neb- 
ulous mass,  though  millions  of  times  lighter  than 
our  atmosphere,  would  be  drawn  to  a common 
center  through  the  attraction  of  gravity,  and  as 
the  particles  were  free  t()  move,  it  would  take  the 
form  of  a globe,  as  this  is  the  only  foi  in,  that  has 
all  its  surface  at  an  equal  distance  from  its  center. 

To  produce  a curvilinear  motion  of  this  fluid 
matter,  there  must  be  an  angular  motion;  and  all 
the  motion  that  this  shrinking  and  contracting 
fluid  mass  could  have  was  linear,  converging  to 
its  center.  To  produce  a rotary  motion  there 
must  be  eccentric  matter;  which  could  not  hap- 
pen until  the  particles  cohered  together,  and  co- 
hesion is  not  a property  of  fluid  matter.  And  this 
eccentric  matter  must  be  acted  upon  by  some  out- 
side power. 

To  illustrate  this  law,  we  will  suppose  the 
earth  without  motion;  that  is,  the  earth  stood  still, 
and  that  all  of  the  outside  power  of  attraction 
was  shut  off,  and  that  the  earth  was  formed  of 
lead  and  cork;  one  side  was  formed  of  lead,  and 
the  other  of  cork.  The  result  would  be  that  the 
earth  would  not  move.  It  would  make  no  differ- 


11 

onro  wlietluM-  tliis  transfoniiatioii  was  iiistanta- 
lUMnis,  or  millions  of  years  in  forming.  The  heavy 
side  con  hi  not  diop,  and  cause  it  to  turn  over,  be- 
cause there  vvotild  he  nothing  for  it  to  drop  to,  or 
to  cause  it  to  dioj).  Its  center  of  gravity  would 
he  changed  to  the  heavy  side,  far  from  its  center 
of  magnitude,  and  its  own  power  of  attraction 
would  he  exerted  tlirough  straight  lines,  toward 
t!ie  center  ot*  gravity,  and  no  angular  lines  could 
he  formed,  for  the  power  of  its  own  gravity  to  act 
upon.  Now  if  we  give  the  earth  a linear  motion 
from  the  sun , of  sixty-eight  tliousand  miles  per 
hour,  and  open  the  gates,  and  let  in  the  outside 
attraction,  the  heavy  side  will  at  once  turn  toward 
the  sun,  with  a momentum  that  will  carry  it  past 
the  i)oint  of  resistance,  and  the  earth  would  spin 
around  on  its  axis  like  a top;  and  its  poles  would 
i)e  at  right  angles  to  its  line  of  direction.  If  the 
(‘arth  had  had  no  lijjear  motion,  the  heavy  side 
would  have  turned  toward  the  sun,  but  would  not 
have  had  sufficient  momentum  to  have  carried  it 
past  the  point  of  resistance,  and  it  would  have  vi- 
brated like  a pendulum. 


12 


CHAPTER  III. 

Tliere  is  but  one  power  that  is  stable,  un- 
changeable, the  same  today,  yesterday  and  for- 
ever, omnipotent  and  omnipresent,  no  beginning, 
no  ending.  The  Eternal,  who  was,  and  is  God, 
the  Almighty  Architect,  Builder,  and  Ruler  of  all 
created  beings  and  things.  All  else  is  changeable 
and  unstable.  Every  thing  that  had  a beginning 
must  have  an  ending,  for  such  is  the  law  of  des- 
tiny. Infinite  space  was  not  open  by  chance,  but 
was  a part  of  the  original  design  of  creation,  and 
all  creations  are  governed  by  the  same  laws  that 
produced  them. 

I cannot  see  how  universal  gravitation  could 
have  produced  the  positions  and  motions  of  the 
universe.  Hence  I am  led  to  believe  that  in  the 
beginning,  God  created  space,  and  filled  it  with 
worlds,  and  placed  them  in  their  positions  and 
gave  them  light  and  heat,  and  their  motions.  And 
fitted  them  for  vegetable  and  animal  life,  suitable 
to  each  planet.  And,  underlying  all  possible 
forms  of  creation,  he  placed  the  principle  of  the 
never  ending  change  of  matter.  No  one  has  ever 
tried  to  explain  what  matter  is,  or  how  it  originat- 
ed. Ethereal  space,  we  know,  is  not  a vacuum. 


then  it  must  be  a substance.  Therefore,  which  is 
tlie  more  reasonable  hypothesis,  to  suppose  that 
the  Creator,  after  creating  matter,  melted  it  into 
ethereal  atoms,  which  would  be  against  all  natural 
laws;  or,  that  lie  should  first  form  it  into  worlds, 
with  light,  heat,  and  motions. 

But  here  nature  drops  the  mystic  vail  between 
mind,  matter,  and  eternity;  and  here  we  must  rest 
contented  until  the  connection  is  broken,  and  the 
mind  is  freed  from  matter.  Man  was  the  last 
crowning  effort  of  nature  and  was  formed  an  in- 
telligent being  that  he  might  understand  nature. 
That  his  thoughts  might  wander  through  eternity 
and  reflect  upon  the  great  First  Cause,  and  ad- 
mire the  harmony,  grandeur  and  sublimity  of  the 
stupendous  work,  and  love  and  enjoy  the  beauties 
of  creation,  and  love  and  praise  the  great  De- 
signer, Architect  and  Builder,  Jehovah. 

We  find  through  all  the  works  of  nature,  that 
all  matter  is  in  motion.  By  the  laws  of  gravity 
and  inertia,  no  matter  could  remain  without  mo- 
tion. The  rock  of  Gibralter,  though  firmly  fixed, 
is  flying  through  space  at  the  rate  of  sixty-eight 
thousand  miles  per  hour.  The  sun  and  its  at- 
tendant planets  are  moving  with  great  velocity 
through  space,  in  the  direction  of  the  constela- 
tion  Hercules,  and  we  know  that  some  of  the  fixed 


14 

stars  are  moving.  In  fact  if  one  star  moves  the 
whole  system  must  also  move;  otherwise  it  would 
disarrange  the  power  of  attraction,  and  throw  the 
whole  system  out  of  balance,  and  there  would  be  a 
collision.  Many  of  these  stars  have  been  tested, 
and  found  to  be  moving  through  space;  which 
proves  that  all  planets  and  nebula  are  revolving 
around  a common  center. 

Now,  if  it  could  be  proven,  that  through  phys- 
ical  laws,  the  existing  powers  could  produce  these 
various  positions  and  motions,  it  would  then  be  a 
reasonable  hypothesis  to  suppose  that,  in  the  be- 
ginning, infinite  space  was  an  atmosphere  of 
atoms  without  heat.  But  until  some  theory  is  ad- 
vanced, which  can  show  clearly  that  these  natural 
powers  could  produce  this  effect;  or,  that  they 
could  form  solar  systems,  with  all  their  motions, 
froai  chaos,  we  would  better  follow,  and  teach  the 
biblical  account  of  creation,  as  it  is,  even  in  its 
literal  sense,  the  most  reasonable  account  of  crea- 
tion that  has  ever  been  written. 

The  great  Spirit  of  Nature  has  endowed  us 
with  a reasoning  power,  to  separate  the  true  fron) 
the  false,  and  to  sift  the  good  from  the  bad,  and 
lias  written  by  the  wayside,  throughout  life’s 
course,  in  unmistakable  language,  wondrous  facts; 
and  we  are  required  (or  the  way  would  not  have 


l)e(Mi  opiMi)  to  exercise  our  reason  in  fartlier  in- 
vestigation. There  are  many  facts  wiiich  plainly 
show  that  the  solar  system  was  once  in  a state  of 
nebula.  The  main  facts  are,  that  different  patches 
of  nebulse  exist  in  our  circle  of  stars,  and  the 
spectroscope  shows  that  these  masses  are  filled 
with  glowing  vapor.  And  another  fact  is,  that 
stars  are  continually  passing  out  of  sight,  while 
new  ones  are  discovered,  and  another  fact  is,  that 
the  earth  was  once  in  a state  of  fusion. 

I will  admit  the  fact  that  nebula  exists  in  our 
system,  in  the  same  form  that  the  nebular  theory 
claims  that  all  matter  existed  in  the  beginning: 
but  there  is  a cause  for  this  now,  which  did  not 
exist  in  the  beginning.  I shall  hereafter  show 
that  there  is  a power  at  work,  which  will,  after  a 
long  time,  cause  all  the  planets  of  the  solar  sys- 
tem to  fall  to  the  sun;  which  will  cause  a heat 
that  will  vaporize  the  whole  solar  system.  And 
that,  after  remaining  in  nebula  a certain  length 
of  time,  will  again  be  reformed  into  new  worlds 
of  heat,  light  and  motion.  But  this  ^^ill  be  better 
understood,  after  showing  a cause  which  could 
have  produced  the  present  formations,  and  mo- 
tions of  the  solar  system.  I shall  assume  that  all 
of  the  primary  planets  were  thrown  from  the 
sun’s  equator  by  centrifugal  force. 


16 


Nebulous  matter  consists  of  dense  clouds  of 
heavy,  glowing  vapor,  and  as  soon  as  the  heat  ra- 
diates into  space,  it  soon  contracts  into  a denser 
form,  and,  through  the  course  of  time,  by  contin- 
ually cooling  and  condensing  will  result  in  a sun. 

We  will  suppose  that  the  sun  by  continual  con- 
densing from  the  nebulous  state  had  after  a long 
time  arrived  at  nearly  its  present  state,  size  and 
density,  and  had  so  increased  its  velocity,  that  at 
the  equator  its  inertia  overcame  the  power  of  at- 
traction, and  a large  mass  was  detached  from  the 
equator,  and  hurled  into  space.  As  the  first  por- 
tion thrown  off,  would  be  likely  to  receive  the 
greatest  velocity  it  would  form  the  farthest  planet 
from  the  sun,  which  is  Neptune.  And  its  course 
from  the  sun  to  its  most  distant  point  would  be  in 
a winding  curvilinear  form.  It  will  be  readily 
seen  that  this  mass  of  material  from  its  start 
from  the  sun  would  be  continually  bending  to 
the  power  of  the  sun’s  attraction,  which  would 
cause  it  to  circle;  and  while  circling  around  the 
sun,  it  would  be  continually  receding  from  it, 
with  lessening  power  and  speed.  And  it  would 
continue  in  this  course  until  the  powers  of  grav- 
ity and  inertia  became  balanced,  which  could  not 
take  place  before  one  revolution  was  made,  when 
both  powers  would  be  in  equilibrium.  But  it  could 


17 


not  be  sustained  by  the  centrifugal  force  against 
the  never  ceasing  power  of  the  sun’s  attraction, 

V without  increasing  its  velocity,  which  it  would 
now  do  on  its  returning  course,  through  the  con- 
tinued attraction  of  gravity,  which  would  draw  it 
from  a circle  to  an  ellipse,  thereby  accelerating 
its  velocity. 

It  would  be  impossible  for  a planet  to  be  sus- 
tained in  an  orbit  of  a circle  by  centrifugal  force, 
or  any  other  force,  or  forces  of  nature.  This  fact 
will  be  understood  when  its  momentum  is  com- 
pared with  the  force  of  attraction.  The  moment- 
^ urn  of  the  planet  was  greater  than  the  attraction 

of  the  sun,  while  it  had  power  to  recede  from  it: 
but  when  the  planet  stopped  receding  from  the 
sun,  it  was  because  it  had  no  greater  power  than 
the  attraction.  The  instant  the  planet  stopped 
receding  from  the  sun,  was  its  first  moment  of 
equilibrium  power  and  its  first  revolution.  It 
now  had  conserved  power  to  move  in  a straight 
line  forever,  with  its  present  velocity,  unless  it 

V was  overpowered  or  resisted.  But  it  had  not  the 

^ power  to  move,  with  the  same  velocity,  against 

resistance.  And,  at  the  moment  of  its  full  power 
with  gravity,  it  met  with  the  same  resistance  that 
it  had  met  at  its  first  start,  which  had  retarded 
and  defiected  it  from  a straight  line  to  a circle. 


IS 

and  which  had  coiitimially  Jesseiicd  its  speed; 
and,  unless  it  could  increase  its  nioinentum  it 
would  eventually  fall  to  the  sun. 

This  power,  Neptune  acquired  on  its  returning 
course  by  being  continually  drawn  towards  the 
sun.  This  continued  drawing  towards  the  sun 
had  the  same  effect  of  increasing  its  velocity,  as 
though  the  planet  had  fallen  the  same  distance 
directly  towards  the  sun.  In  this  way  it  acquired 
an  accelerated  velocity,  which  resisted  the  power 
of  gravity,  and  carried  it  back  to  the  point  of 
equilibrium  power. 

In  this  same  form  were  all  of  the  planets, 
which  revolve  around  a superior,  placed  in  their 
orbits.  It  will  be  seen  that  the  farther  a planet’s 
orbit  is  from  the  sun,  the  less  will  be  the  sun’s  at- 
tractive power,  consequently  the  slower  will  be 
its  velocity  through  its  orbit,  and  that  the  ellipse 
is  the  only  form  of  a permanent  orbit. 

Many  suppose  that  all  forms  of  conic  sections 
were  adopted  by  the  heavenly  bodies  for  orbits,  but 
it  would  be  impossible  for  a planet  to  move  in  a 
circle. 

Comets  pass  around  the  sun  in  parabolic  and 
hyperbolic  orbits;  but  never  pass  around  twice  in 
the  same  path. 

All  of  the  primary  planets  were  thrown  from 


Ill 

th(^  sun’s  (Mjuator  by  centrifugal  force,  caused  tiy 
the  sun’s  increased  e(iuat()rial  velocity;  but  witli 
<lifTerent  inonientnin.  Their  orbital  distance  from 
the  sun,  depended  upon  the  amouiit  of  force 
wliich  each  i)lanet  received  at  the  start;  and  the 
attraction  of  tlie  sun  brought  them  around  with 
a velocity  in  proi)ortion  to  the  diameters  of  their 
orbits. 


20 


CHAPTER  IV. 

We  have  now  seen  how  the  planets  received 
their  several  distances  from  the  sun,  and  how 
they  acquired  the  elliptic  form  of  orbit,  and  the 
increasing  orbital  velocity,  as  their  orbits  were 
nearer  the  sun.  We  will  now  see  how  they  ac- 
quired their  present  form,  and  rotary  motion 
upon  their  axes.  As  all  of  them  received  their 
form  and  motions  from  the  same  source,  one  de- 
scription will  answer  for  all.  I will  describe  the 
earth’s  formation  and  motions,  as  we  are  better 
acquainted  with  it  than  the  other  planets. 

When  the  snn’s  equator  threw  off  this  mass  of 
material,  it  was  not  thrown  in  one  solid  body,  but 
in  mountains  of  chunks  and  scattering  material, 
for  tens  of  thousands  of  miles,  something  in  the 
shape  it  would  be  to  take  a shovel  full  of  earth 
and  chunks  of  clay,  and  fling  it  off;  these  chunks 
and  material  would  assume  a space  fifty  times 
greater  than  they  occupied  upon  the  start.  The 
bursting  of  a wheel  or  stone  by  centrifugal  force, 
shows  the  tendency  it  has  to  scatter  material.  In 
fact,  it  would  be  against  reason  to  suppose  that 
this  matter  could  be  hurled  into  space  by  centrif- 
ugal force  in  any  other  shape.  At  a certain 


21 

distance  from  the  sun  their  own  attraction  vvouhl 
he  thousands  of  times  greater  than  the  attractive 
power  of  the  sun.  This  attraction  would  be  so 
great  that  all  of  the  masses  and  particles  of  mat- 
ter would  rush  together  with  such  force  that  it 
would  cause  the  whole  mass  of  matter  to  be  in- 
stantly melted. 

The  masses  of  matter  thrown  from  the  sun’s 
equator  in  irregular  shape,  rushing  through  space, 
under  so  swift  a forward  motion,  against  the 
power  of  the  sun’s  attraction,  could  not  help  re- 
volving, and  revolve  in  the  direction  in  which 
they  were  moving.  The  fusion  of  these  masses 
must  have  occurred  before  the  earth  reached  the 
aphelion  of  its  orbit.  Such  a transformation  of 
so  large  a body  of  matter  as  the  earth  and  moon 
contain,  coming  together,  under  such  a swift  re- 
volving motion,  and  being  instantly  melted,  and 
formed  into  a revolving  globe,  must  have  caused 
some  very  high  prominences  over  the  equator,  by 
reaction  of  the  forces;  one  of  which  was  thrown 
off  by  centrifugal  force,  and  became  our  moon. 

This  intense  heat  vaporized  the  water,  atmos- 
phere and  gases,  and  as  heat  always  radiates  to  a 
colder  place,  they  were  radiated  to  ethereal  space, 
and  held  in  atoms  by  the  radiation  of  heat  from 
the  earth.  The  mass  that  was  thrown  off  from  the 


22 

earth’s  equator,  which  became  the  moon,  could 
not  have  contained  any  fluids  or  gases,  conse- 
quently the  moon  does  not  contain  any  water,  at- 
mosphere or  gases.  Through  the  power  of  the 
earth’s  attraction  and  its  conserved  momentum, 
which  it  received  from  the  earth,  it  gradually  bent 
to  the  power  of  attraction  and  was  sustained  in 
its  orbit  by  centrifugal  force.  All  moons  were 
created  in  the  same  way,  and  the  planets  would 
continue  to  throw  them  off,  until  their  circumfer- 
ence was  so  lessened  that  it  diminished  the  centrif- 
ugal force  to  such  an  extent  that  the  attractive 
power  was  greater  than  the  centrifugal  force. 

When  the  moon  was  thrown  off,  from  the  earth, 
it  was  instantly  formed  into  a perfect  globe.  The 
manufacture  of  shot  will  illustrate  this  sudden 
formation.  The  melted  lead  is  poured  into  an 
iron  sieve,  the  diameter  of  the  holes  being  of  the 
size  which  they  require  the  shot  to  be  made.  The 
stream  of  melted  lead  is  at  once  broken  into 
globules,  that  almost  instantly  become  perfect 
spheres.  In  order  that  the  shot  may  get  cool  and 
hard  before  reaching  the  bottom,  a high  tower  is 
erected. 

The  moon  does  not  rotate  on  an  axis.— The 
moon  being  formed  into  a perfect  sphere,  so 
quickly  after  leaving  the  earth,  the  attraction  was 


not  sufficient  to  cause  a rotary  motion  before  it 
formed  its  center  of  gravity  in  its  center  of  mag- 
nitude, after  which  it  could  not  revolve.  This 
would  always  keep  one  side  of  the  moon  toward 
the  earth,  while  making  its  revolution  around  it; 
the  earth  being  its  true  center  of  motion. 

There  are  Qve  other  planets  that  have  moons. 
The  names  of  the  planets  in  their  order  as  they 
recede  from  the  sun  are:  Mercury,  Venus,  Earth 
with  one  moon,  next  is  Mars  with  two  moons, 
then  come  the  Asteroids,  the  next  planet  is  Jupi- 
ter with  four  moons,  next  Saturn  with  eight 
moons,  next  Uranus  with  four  moons,  next  and 
last  planet  from  The  sun  is  Neptune  with  one 
moon.  This  makes  twenty  moons  that  we  know 
of,  and  there  are  probably  more.  Two  of  these 
moons  revolve  around  their  superiors  in  less  than 
one  day;  one  of  them  revolves  in  about  seven 
hours,  and  the  others  at  different  times  up  to  our 
moon,  which  takes  27 days  to  make  its  revolu- 
tion around  its  superior.  Now  that  all  of  these 
moons  should  pass  around  their  superiors  at  dif- 
ferent times  and  rotate  upon  an  axis  in  the  same 
time  that  it  took  to  make  their  revolution  around 
their  superior  would  be  a coincidence  which  is  not 
warranted  by  any  of  the  physical  laws  of  nature. 

We  find  several  peculiarities  in  the  formation 


of  the  solar  system,  for  which  no  theory  has  ever 
been  able  to  give  a reasonable  cause.  The  first 
peculiar  formation  of  planets  from  the  sun  is  the 
asteroids,  or  minor  planets.  There  are  probably 
several  hundred  of  them,  two  hundred  having  been 
discovered.  They  could  not  have  been  thrown 
from  the  sun  in  that  form,  for  the  space  which 
they  occupy  would,  if  a line  were  drawn  from 
each  one  to  the  sun,  bring  their  lines  nearly  paral- 
lel for  millions  of  miles,  and  their  own  attraction 
would  have  drawn  them,  to  one  common  center; 
nor  could  they  be  the  effect  of  a planet  exploded 
by  combustion,  for  they  revolve  from  west  to  east, 
which  they  could  not  do,  if  caused  by  combustion, 
which  would  have  given  them  a linear  moment- 
um, in  all  directions,  without  a central  power,  ex- 
cept the  sun,  to  curb  their  directions.  Their  po- 
sitions in  space  and  different  forms  of  orbits, 
prove  the  fact  that  they  were  thrown  into  space 
by  the  bursting  of  a planet  through  centrifugal 
force.  Their  orbits  are  all  included  in  a space  of 
about  150,000,000  miles,  and  their  irregular  shape 
and  form  of  surface,  prove  that  they  were  the 
fragments  of  a broken  planet,  which  had  become 
solidified,  and  that  all  their  motions  are  from  west 
to  east  proves  this  fact. 

The  next  peculiar  formation  is  the  rings  of 


Saturn.  This  pecMiliar  formation  of  rings  to  a 
planet  must  have  given  rise  to  the  theory  of  the 
ahandomnent  of  eipialorial  zones,  or  rings,  to 
planets,  wdiile  in  a flnid  state.  Now  it  is  a well 
known  fact  that  matter  of  the  earth  at  the  equa- 
tor is  lighter  than  at  any  other  part  of  its  sur- 
face. It  a man  should  weigh  KU)  pounds  at  the 
earth’s  equator  and  then  start  toward  either  pole 
he  would  continually  grow  heavier  as  he  ap- 
proached nearer  to  the  pole.  This  is  caused  by 
inertia  resisting  the  power  of  gravity.  If  tlie 
earth’s  rotating  velocity  was  increased  fifteen 
times,  the  inertia  would  so  overcome  the  earth’s 
power  of  attraction  that  the  man  who  started 
from  the  equator,  and  gradually  grew  heavier  as 
he  receded  from  the  equator,  would  not  now,  if  he 
returned,  weigh  one  pound,  and  if  the  earth’s  ro- 
tation was  increased  two  or  three  times  more,  the 
surface  at  the  equator  would  be  raised  up  in  a 
ridge,  independent  of  the  earth’s  attraction,  and 
if  its  inertia  could  sustain  it,  against  the  whole 
power  of  the  earth’s  attraction,  at  a few  feet,  it 
could  sustain  itself  if  the  earth  contracted  and 
shrank  out  of  existence,  and  if  the  earth’s  rotary 
motion  was  increased  a few  hundred  times  it 
would  fly  to  pieces,  as  did  the  planet  that  once 
composed  the  material  of  the  asteroids  and  tliere 


would  not  be  a piece  left  to  mark  the  spot. 

This  is  not  speculating,  not  hypothesis,  but  ac- 
cording to  a law  of  physics.  Saturn  is  over  seven 
hundred  times  larger  than  the  earth  and  has  a 
specific  gravity  of  only  one-half  the  weight  of 
water,  while  the  earth  has  a specific  gravity  of  five 
and  one-half  times  the  weight  of  w^ater.  When 
Saturn  extended  to  the  outer  ring,  its  diameter 
was  121,390  miles,  which  is  34,390  miles  greater 
than  the  diameter  of  Jupiter.  This  is  a low  esti- 
mate. Others  make  the  diameter  of  the  outer 
ring  177,000  miles.  Saturn’s  present  diameter  is 
73,590  miles;  distance  from  planet  to  inner  ring, 
19,000  miles;  width  of  inner  ring,  17,000  miles; 
space  between  the  rings,  1,800  miles;  width  of 
outer  ring,  10,000  miles,  and  it  and  the  rings  ro- 
tate in  10}4  hours.  This  extremely  great  equa- 
torial velocity,  of  such  light  material,  must  have 
produced  great  oblateness,  and  the  planet  must 
have  been  in  the  form  of  a double  convex  lens. 
This  thin  ridge  over  the  equator  wmuld  be  the  first 
portion  to  cool  and  its  particles  to  cohere.  The 
planet’s  power  of  attraction  on  this  hardened 
ring  was  far  different  from  what  it  would  have 
been  if  the  ring  had  been  in  the  form  of  a sphere 
at  the  same  distance.  The  planet’s  attraction  was 
at  every  radiant  point  of  the  hardened  ring. 


wliicli  bound  it  like  a lioop  to  a cask.  The  ring 
by  its  great  centrifugal  force,  and  th(‘  attraction 
of  the  eight  moons,  which  passed  around  it  in 
times  varying  from  less  than  one,  up  to  eight 
days,  made  it  a self  sustaining  power,  before  the 
planet  shrank  away  from  it.  The  planet  being  in 
a melted  state,  was  by  its  centrifugal  force,  soon 
formed  in  the  same  shape  as  before,  and  so  aban- 
doned another  hardened  and  self  sustaining  ring. 
It  is  very  probable  that  the  interior  ring  slopes  in 
its  lower  part,  which  gives  the  appearance  of  a 
darker  ring  underneath. 

The  next  peculiar  formation  is  the  moons  of 
Uranus.  They  move  in  orbits  with  an  angle  of 
78‘^58'  with  the  ecliptic,  and  move  towards  the 
west,  contrary  to  all  other  moons  or  planets.  They 
could  not  have  been  formed  by  equatorial  velocity, 
and  must  have  been  thrown  from  the  planet,  when 
the  planet  was  first  formed,  and  caused  by  an  ex- 
plosion of  confined  gas,  or  steam,  in  the  interior 
of  the  planet.  This  explosion  must  have  been 
caused  by  large  masses  of  matter,  which  were 
thrown  from  the  sun's]  equator,  containing  gas, 
or  more  probably  when  these  large  masses  came 
together,  they  overlapped  and  surrounded  a large 
quantity  of  water,  which  was  instantly  vaporized 
into  steam,  and  being  confined  would  have  had 


28 

the  power  to  have  produced  this  eifect.  This  ex- 
plosion must  have  thrown  the  material  obihjuely 
across  the  planet’s  equator;  which  probably  oc- 
curred below  and  about  of  the  north  pole, 
and  the  matter  thrown  in  a northeasterly  di- 
rection. 


CHAPTER  V. 

It  has  hoen  shown  liow  tfie  planets  received 
their  rotations  in  the  direction,  in  which  they 
were  m )ving,  which  brought  their  poles  at  right 
angles  to  the  plane  of  their  orbits,  and  that  the 
water,  atmosphere  and  gases  were  expanded  into 
atoms  and  held  in  space  through  the  radiation  of 
heal.  The  earth  was  then  in  ethereal  vacuum,  same 
as  the  moon  is  now,  and  the  elements  that  radiated 
away  could  not  have  been  under  the  influence  of 
the  earth’s  rotary  motion.  As  soon  as  the  earth 
cooled  sufficiently  to  produce  precipitation,  the 
water  commenced  falling;  not  as  the  rain  falls, 
but  in  streams,  and  without  the  resistance  of  the 
atmosphere;  and  striking  the  earth’s  rotary  mo. 
tion  of  over  one  thousand  miles  per  hour,  and 
covering  the  whole  earth  with  water,  causing  tidal 
and  reactive  waves  of  immense  heights.  This,  to- 
gether with  the  force  to  drive  the  water  to  the 
equator,  and  all  the  forces,  acting  upon  the  ex- 
treme surface,  would  have  produced  a power,  un- 
der the  circumstances,  of  the  earth’s  surface,  to 
have  changed  the  poles  from  a perpendicular  to 
an  inclination  of  23^  degrees  to  the  plane  of  its 
orbit,  and  through  its  oblateness  would  have 


caused  the  circular  motion  of  its  poles.  The 
north  pole  veers  47^  from  the  north  star,  and  com- 
pletes a revolution  in  25,868  years.  This  cycle  of 
time  is  called  the  Platonic  year. 

It  has  been  stated  that  a planet  could  not  ac- 
quire a rotary  motion  while  in  a fluid  slate,  and 
that  it  must  become  solidified  in  part  before  it 
could  become  a rotating  globe.  All  matter  is  in 
motion  around  centers,  and  to  cause  a rotary  mo- 
tion to  a globe,  the  matter  must  be  in  an  eccen- 
tric form,  which  is  acted  upon  by  a distant  point 
of  attraction.  A perfect  sphere,  of  equal  density, 
would  not  have  an  angle,  to  be  acted  upon,  by  the 
distant  central  power  of  attraction.  This  was 
the  case  of  the  moons;  they  had  no  protuberance 
and  the  attractive  power  of  their  superiors  was 
equally  balanced  through  their  disks. 

The  sun’s  material  when  in  nebula  was  in  mo- 
tion around  a central  point,  and  was  held  by  the 
centripetal  force,  to  this  central  point  of  attrac- 
tion. And  when  the  particles  began  to  cohere, 
and  became  solidified,  its  velocity  and  attraction 
turned  it  upon  its  axis  of  rotation,  which  was  not 
in  the  center  of  its  magnitude.  As  the  center  of 
gravity  was  not  in  the  center  of  magnitude,  one 
side  would  be  of  higher  altitude  than  the  other; 
this  would  give  the  higher  side,  greater  velocity 


than  the  lower  side;  and  the  centrifugal  forc(‘ 
must  have  fonned  a mountain  ridge  over  the 
equator  of  the  high  side,  and  unsolidified  matter 
must  have  collected  along  this  long  chain  of 
mountains  hundreds  of  thousands  of  miles  higli. 
This  protuberance  so  increased  the  velocity  that 
the  highest  portion  became  detached  and  thrown 
into  space,  then  poi  tion  after  portion  became  de- 
tached and  thrown,  until  the  high  side  became 
on  a level  with  the  lower  side.  The  portion 
farthest  from  the  center  of  motion  would  receive 
the  greatest  nionientuni  and  least  density.  After 
the  first  portion  was  thrown  off,  it  lessened  the 
equatorial  distance  and  centrifugal  force  and 
continued  lessening  as  each  portion  was  thrown 
off.  The  portions  nearer  the  center  that  were 
thrown  off  must  have  been  of  denser  material, 
and  thrown  with  less  force.  All  the  masses  that 
were  thrown  with  sufficient  momentum  became 
self  sustaining  bodies,  and  they  must  have  been 
thrown  in  rapid  succession  until  the  sun  had  so 
decreased  its  equatorial  distance  that  gravity 
again  became  the  controling  power.  These  two 
great  opposing  forces  of  nature,  gravity  and  in- 
ertia, like  good  and  evil,  form  nature’s  paradox; 
the  result  is  harmony.  These  forces  must  have 
filled  planetary  spaces  with  debris  of  planetary 


matter.  Many  other  portions  must  liave  been 
thrown  off  at  the  same  time,  but  not  liaving  re- 
ceived sufficient  force,  feJl  back  upon  the  sun, 
which  melted  the  surface  to  such  an  extent  that 
the  center  of  gravity  was  formed  in  tlie  center  of 
magnitude. 


CllAPTEU  VI. 

From  facts  wliieli  now  exist,  ill  the  solar  sys- 
tem, I am  led  to  believe  that  in  the  beginning  it 
was  ordained  that  all  solar  systems,  should  be  de- 
stroyed by  fervent  heat,  and  that  the  material 
matter,  after  cooling  and  condensing,  should  form 
an  irregular  globe,  and  through  this  irregular 
formation  it  should  gain  a rotary  motion,  which 
would  so  gradually  increase  its  velocity,  that 
through  the  course  of  time  it  would  become  so 
great  that  at  the  equator  the  centrifugal  force 
would  overpower  gravity,  and  large  portions 
would  be  thrown  into  space,  which  through  the 
powers  of  heat,  gravitation  and  inertia  would  be 
formed  into  perfect  globes,  with  self  sustaining 
power,  of  continued  revolution  around  this  large 
planet,  which  is  a sun.  These  suns  after  throw- 
ing off  their  protuberances  would  not  yet  be 
globes  with  true  centers,  and  must  be  partially 
melted  to  form  a perfect  balance,  or,  through 
time,  they  would  so  increase  the  centrifugal  force 
that  they  would  break  from  the  center  and  fly  into 
fragments.  In  the  flrst  instance  the  centrifugal 
force  was  only  great  enough  on  the  high  side,  to 
overpower  gravity.  After  the  high  side  was 


thrown  off,  the  centers  of  g^ravity  and  magnitude 
were  so  near  together  that  velocity,  when  in- 
creased sufficient  to  cause  the  centrifugal  force  to 
overcome  the  power  of  gravity,  it  would  act  near- 
ly equal  upon  the  whole  surface,  and  when  one 
portion  gave  way  it  would  cause  a breakage  to  the 
center. 

The  facts  which  lead  to  this  theory  are:  First, 
planets  in  approaching  the  sun,  so  increase  their 
velocity,  that  the  centrifugal  force  overpowers 
gravity;  second,  the  earth  has  been  melted,  and, 
from  appearances,  the  moon  also;  third,  stars  are 
coming  and  going  from  our  view;  fourth,  nebu- 
lous matter,  in  a glowing  state  of  heat,  exists  in 
our  system  of  stars;  fifth,  the  asteroids  could  not 
have  been  formed  by  any  known  laws  or  forces  of 
nature,  except  by  the  bursting  of  a planet  by  cen- 
trifugal force;  sixth,  by  this  theory  only  can  a 
reasonable  cause  be  given  for  the  formation  of  the 
rings  and  moons  of  Saturn;  seventh,  by  no  known 
laws  or  forces  of  nature,  could  the  moons  of  Ura- 
nus liave  motions  the  reverse  of  all  other  planets,, 
except  through  this  theory  of  the  ^formation  of 
planets;  eighth,  all  the  planets, except  the  moons  of 
Uranus,  have  orbits  nearly  in  the  plane  of  the  sun’s 
equator,  which  cannot  be  satisfactorily  accounted 
for  by  any  other  theory;  ninth,  no  other  theory 


:5r> 

can  give  a clear  cause  fi)r  all  the  various  motions 
of  the  solar  system;  tenth,  the  moon  has  no  water 
or  atmosphere;  eleventh,  centrifugal  force,  grav- 
ity, ami  heat  have  power  to  have  caused  all  these 
formations;  twelfth,  no  other  theory  can  give  a 
reasonable  account  for  meteors  and  aerolites. 

The  oblateiiess,  or  flattening  of  the  poles  of 
planets,  was  caused  by  the  centrifugal  force  being 
greatest  at  the  equator,  and  the  matter  being  in  a 
fluid  state,  was  driven  to  the  equator  and  the 
amount  of  depression  would  depend  upon  the 
density  of  tlie  planet  and  the  equatorial  velocity. 
This  oblateness  of  lire  planets,  sustains  the  moons 
in  their  orbits,  from  perturbations  from  the  sun 
and  other  planets.  It  will  be  readily  seen  that 
the  moon  in  passing  around  the  earth  is  one  half 
the  time  above,  and  one-half  the  time  below,  the 
earth’s  orbit;  and  in  passing  around  it,  makes  an 
angle  of  over  5^.  This  moving  attraction  from 
above  and  below  the  earth’s  poles,  together  with 
other  forces,  sustains  the  poles  of  the  earth  in 
their  positions.  Matter  on  the  earth’s  surface  is 
continually  changing  places.  Large  rivers  are 
running  through  the  ocean,  thousands  of  miles 
long,  with  currents  swifter  than  the  Mississippi, 
and  three  thousand  times  as  large.  Tides  are 
raised  in  some  places  to  the  height  of  over  seven- 


ty  feet.  And  the  effect  of  the  earth.’s  revolving 
velocity  causes  tidal  waves  which  are  continually 
dashing  against  the  eastern  shores  of  continents; 
and  the  attractive  powers  of  the  sun  and  moon 
are  continually  lifting  up  and  displacing  these 
waters,  which  counteracts  the  angular  power  of 
attraction  caused  through  the  earth’s  ohiateness. 


87 


( liAFTP^R  VII. 

Il  is  not  snpposable  that  the  material  which 
foil  back  upon  the  sun  was  sufficient  to  entirely 
melt  so  large  a globe,  as  the  material  must  have 
come  back  by  degrees  and  most  of  it  in  a scatter- 
ing form,  which  would  be  a natural  consequence 
of  all  material  which  was  not  thrown  in  line  of 
the  equator.  All  water,  atmosphere  and  gases 
were  vaporized  into  atoms  through  excessive  heat, 
and  radiated  into  space. 

If  the  sun  had  been  in  a melted  state  at  the 
time  of  the  formation  of  the  planets,  they  could 
not  have  received  any  water,  atmosphere  or  gas, 
for  everything  of  like  nature  would  have  been 
held  in  ethereal  space  through  the  radiation  of 
heat.  Then  the  sun  must  have  contained  all  of 
these  fluids  at  the  time  of  their  formations,  as  well 
as  other  materials  which  compose  the  planets. 
But  we  find  no  evidence  in  any  of  the  planets  to 
sustain  even  a reasonable  theory  of  the  sun’s 
brightness.  We  have  proof  that  the  sun  contains 
earth,  rocks,  minerals,  water,  atmosphere  and 
gases.  It  is  not  supposable  that  the  planets  re- 
ceived a proportional  share  of  the  sun’s  atmos- 
phere, or  water;  and  as  diminution  of  pressure  facil- 


38 

itates  evaporation,  in  like  proportion  must  more 
pressure  sustain  it  in  the  form  of  vapor;  and  as 
the  pressure  at  the  sun’s  surface,  is  thousands  to 
one  at  the  earth’s  surface,  its  atmosphere  must  be 
filled  with  dense  vapor  tens  of  thousands  of 
miles  above  its  surface.  Consequently  the  sun 
must  have  another  sphere  of  less  density,  which 
causes  the  brightness.  It  is  well  known  that 
there  is  a substance,  which  surrounds  the  sun’s 
brightness,  the  nature  of  which  we  have  no  knowl- 
edge; but  it  is  different  from  any  known  substance. 
It  is  a material  substance,  for  it  reflects  light.  It 
could  not  partake  of  the  revolving  motion  of  the 
sun’s  atmosphere,  which  it  envelopes  and  it  must 
be  an  electric  substance,  which  we  may  call  the 
electrosphere.  These  two  fluids,  whose  surfaces 
are  united,  one  of  which  is  under  great  velocity, 
and  being  resisted  by  the  other,  which  is  at  com- 
parative rest,  cause  great  friction  producing  elec- 
tricity, which  ignites  the  oxygen  of  the  atmos- 
phere and  bursts  into  flames  of  electrical  light, 
which  can  only  be  sustained  by  continual  friction. 
The  atmosphere  having  different  heights  and  cur- 
rents, caused  by  local  heat  and  winds,  would  not 
cause  friction  in  like  amount  in  all  places.  The 
flames  depending  upon  the  amount  of  electricity 
w^ould  be  far  less  in  some  places  than  others. 


311 

These  flames  would  be  in  patches  of  irregular  form, 
and  the  large  ones  would  create  intense  liglit  and 
heat,  and  would  pour  down  upon  the  clouds  be- 
low, dispelling  them  and  on  reaching  the  sun’s 
surface  would  cause  great  heat  on  the  surface; 
and  winds  would  ascend  with  a power  that  could 
hurl  rocks  as  easily  as  the  earth’s  cyclone  could 
feathers.  This  would  enlarge  the  opening  and 
the  winds  would  feed  the  flames,  and  rushing  into 
this  electrosphere  would  carry  up  flames  to  great 
heights.  As  there  would  be  more  or  less  friction, 
extending  over  the  upper  surface  of  the  sun’s  at- 
mosphere, it  would  be  covered  by  patches  of  elec- 
tric light,  the  smallest  that  could  be  seen,  at  the 
earth’s  distance  would  be  over  one  hundred  miles 
in  diameter;  and  from  this  size  down  to  sparks, 
giving  a sheen  of  electric  light  extending  from 
pole  to  pole.  Such  is  the  photosphere  lying  between 
these  two  fluid  spheres,  tens  of  thousands  of  miles 
above  the  sun,  and  millions  of  miles  below  the 
upper  surface  of  the  electrosphere.  This  electro- 
sphere is  the  corona,  which  is  seen  surrounding 
the  sun  during  total  eclipses,  and  has  been  esti- 
mated to  extend  9,000,000  of  miles  above  the  pho- 
tosphere. These  openings  through  the  clouds,  to 
the  surface  of  the  sun,  when  seen  from  our  stand- 
point, would  appear  as  dark  spots  upon  the  surface 


40 


of  the  sun.  Sim  spots  have  been  estimated  to  be 
from  500  to  45,000  miles  in  diameter.  In  viewing 
the  sun  from  the  earth,  it  is  not  siipposable  that 
spots  less  than  500  miles  in  diameter,  could  be 
seen,  as  they  are  depressions  through  clouds  thou- 
sands of  miles  deep.  These  openings  revolve  with 
the  sun,  but  they  can  not  revolve  with  the  same 
velocity,  for  the  air  in  the  column  is  constantly 
acted  upon  by  intense  heat.  As  heat  passes  to  a 
cooler  substance,  it  is  constantly  rarefying  the  at- 
mosphere and  absorbing  the  clouds,  which  are 
driven  against  the  opening  by  the  centrifugal 
force  of  the  atmosphere.  Conseciuently  the  sun 
must  have  far  greater  velocity  than  these  openings; 
and  from  facts  which  have  been  stated  I believe 
that  the  sun  revolves  in  less  than  throe  days,  pos- 
sibly in  less  than  one  day.  This  would  cause  the 
light  and  heat  of  the  photosphere  to  pass  over  the 
surface  of  the  sun  with  great  velocity  from  east 
to  west,  relieving  the  surface  from  excessive  heat 
If  it  should  remain  stationary  a few  moments  it 
would  melt  any  known  substance.  This  heat, 
caused  by  these  openings  evaporates  the  water 
ami  fills  the  atmosphere  with  dense  clouds  of 
moisture.  This  will  account  for  the  periodicity 
of  solar  spots,  as  no  evaporation  can  take  place  on 
the  sun.  except  through  extreme  heat  on  account 


of  the  great  pressure  ot  the  atmosphere.  The 
eeutrifiigal  force  of  the  atmosphere  gradually 
grows  less  from  the  equator  to  the  poles,  where  it 
is  at  zero,  consequently  these  openings  tlirough 
the  suiTs  clouds  must  move  toward  the  poles,  and 
a body  of  this  electric  light,  starting  at  the  equa- 
tor would  naturally  be  carried  eight  or  ten  de- 
grees from  the  equator  before  it  could  dispel  the 
clouds  through  to  the  suiTs  surface. 

The  circumference  of  the  sun  at  the  parallel 
of  is  only  one-half  of  the  circumference  at 
the  equator.  This  would  make  a great  difference 
in  the  amount  of  friction,  and  the  openings  would 
not  be  apt  to  be  sustained  beyond  40*^  from  the 
equator. 

Professor  Faye,  in  a communication  to  the 
French  Academy  of  Science,  stated  that  as  the  re- 
sult of  his  measurements,  the  sun  spots  are  de 
pressions  beneath  the  sun’s  photosphere,  varying 
from  20,000  to  40,000  miles.  This  would  be  a 
natural  result  of  atnjospheric  clouds,  which  are 
continually  changing  in  altitude,  from  local 
causes.  From  the  evidence  of  all  these  facts  it  is 
evident  that  the  sun  is  a far  smaller  and  denser 
planet  than  has  ever  been  calculated,  and  that,  at 
least,  it  turns  on  its  axis  five  times  faster  than  all 
former  calculations. 


42 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

In  viewing  the  sun  fruiii  tlie  earth  our  atten- 
tion is  first  directed  to  dark  spots  on  its  surface. 
We  see  a dark  nucleus  or  umbra  surrounded  by  a 
penumbra  of  ligliter  color,  and  surrounding  this 
penumbra  is  seen  a lighter  rim  of  light,  called 
faculse,  also  faculse  mottlings  are  seen  in  different 
forms  at  various  places  and  here  and  there  are 
darkish  spots  which  are  surrounded  by  faculse 
mottlings  and  scattering  over  the  surface  aie 
grayish  spots  and  patches. 

What  was  supposed  to  be  nucleus  is  the  sur- 
face of  the  sun  seen  through  the  openings,  and 
the  penumbra  was  the  clouds  surrounding  the 
openings.  The  darkish  spots  were  caused  by  the 
heat  dissolving  the  clouds  below  sending  up  cur- 
rents of  rarefied  air,  and  if  the  heat  be  suflicient 
it  would  penetrate  through  their  mass  and  reach 
the  sun.  These  darkish  spots  will  be  seen  after 
the  opening  is  closed,  caused  by  the  lower  clouds 
closing  up  first.  The  grayish  spots  are  realiy  light; 
but  the  contrast  between  the  excessive  bright 
light  and  the  weaker  lights  gives  the  appearance 
of  grayish  light.  This  appearance  will  be  seen  in 
two  jets  of  light,  one  electric,  the  other  gas;  the 


4:^ 


fiiculae  are  the  flames.  The  openings  to  the  sun 
are  at  first  small,  but  the  winds  feeding  the  flames 
increase  the  heat  and  the  openings  enlarge  rap- 
idly, but  when  the  friction  begins  to  slacken,  the 
aperture  closes  very  suddenly. 

The  heavy,  whirling  atmosphere  is  continually 
driving  dense  clouds  into  these  openings,  which 
rarefy  the  cool  air,  and  absorb  the  dense  clouds, 
through  intense  heat,  caused  by  electric  currents 
from  the  photosphere,  acting  upon  the  dense  at- 
mosphere and  clouds.  Hence  these  openings 
must  be  very  irregular  in  form  and  often  crossed 
l)y  clouds  and  would  be  subjected  to  rapid  and 
instant  changes. 

If  the  sun  was  continually  radiating  away 
such  an  amount  of  heat  as  is  now  claimed  by 
some  physicists  and  scientists,  it  would  have  con- 
sumed all  of  its  material  (which  would  be  neces- 
sary to  supply  this  amount  of  heat)  thousands  of 
years  ago,  even  if  it  had  been  composed  of  solid 
carbon,  or  any  chemical  combination  known  at 
the  present  day. 

Then  why  suppose  that  it  is  a burning  mass  of 
fire  and  flame,  or  a melted  mass  of  lava,  which 
radiates  such  an  amount  of  heat,  or  that  this  ra- 
diation of  heat  could  furnish  the  earth  with  nec- 
essary warmth  and  heat,  without  first  warming 


n 

\\\)  Hit"  space  lietween  Hie  eai  Hi  and  Hie  siiii.  Then 
we  must  seek  other  causes  that  could  produce  this 
effect  of  lij^ht  and  heat,  without  the  radiation  of 
light  and  heat. 

Infinite  space  is  ungravitattd  matter,  called 
ether,  and  this  ether  fluid  underlies  all  the  atomic 
fiu’ces  and  powers  of  ethereal  and  material  nat- 
ure. In  it  floats  all  the  starry  hosts  of  heaven; 
and  through  the  course  of  time,  it  will  Hirow%  one 
hy  one,  all  the  vast  creations  into  chaos. 

The  creation  of  worlds  was  the  work  of  de- 
sign, by  infinite  intelligence,  and  all  the  powers 
and  forces  that  produced  them  are  now  govern- 
ing them.  All  creations  were  for  a special  pur- 
pose, and  all  creations  were  provided  for.  Ethe- 
real nature  is  far  below  the  temperature  of  ma- 
terial life.  And,  in  older  to  produce  warmth  nec- 
cessary  for  the  sustenance  of  life  special  forces 
and  powers  are  at  work  for  the  building  and  sus- 
taining of  organic  creations.  Countless  worlds 
are  filled  with  material  life,  and  all  life  depends 
upon  light  and  heat.  Innumerable  suns  are  con- 
tinually at  work  giving  light  and  heat  to  all  of 
these  worlds  to  sustain  the  life  principle  given  to 
matter. 

Suns  are  cool  planets,  and  receive  their  heat 
and  light,  the  same  as  all  other  planets,  through 


electric  emrcMits  from  llioir  plioti^splioros.  The 
pIi(>tos|)Ii(*r(‘  does  not  contain  heat  snfhcient  to 
give  the  ii(‘eessary  warmth  to  sustain  life  on  tli(‘ 
sun  by  radiation  of  Innit,  through  its  dense  at- 
mosphere and  elonds.  All  the  heat  that  the  pho- 
tosphere contains  is  from  the  electric  light,  which 
is  ])rodnced,  and  sustained  by  chemical  combina- 
tion, through  the  energy  of  physical  forces. 


40 


CHAPTER  IX. 

Two  physical  powers  are  coiitaine:!  in  every 
particle  of  matter.  One  has  power  of  uniting  all 
atoms  and  particles  of  matter  to  a common  cen- 
ter, and  the  other  contains  the  power  of  dissolv- 
ing all  matter  into  atoms.  These  powers  are 
gravitation  and  ether.  They  are  governed  by 
special  laws,  which  restrict  their  powers.  The 
fluid  ether  is  the  principle  of  electricity,  light  and 
heat.  Gravity  is  a property  of  matter  and  is 
contained  in  every  atom  of  matter  in  every  possi- 
ble form,  both  in  nebula  and  solids;  while  in  the 
nebulous  state  it  is  confined  to  atoms,  each  atom 
being  surrounded  by  this  ethereal  fluid.  Although 
gravity  was  overpowered  by  heat  while  in  nebulse, 
it  still  had  the  same  attractive  power. 

We  find  matter  in  different  combinations  and 
forms,  which  we  will  designate  as  solids,  liquids 
and  gases  which  compose  ponderable  matter  and 
light,  heat  and  electricity  as  forming  imponder- 
able or  ethereal  matter.  It  has  been  stated  that 
God  created  space;  if  matter  was  created,  then 
space  also  innst  have  been  created,  for  space 
is  a substance.  There  is  no  such  thing  in  the  uni- 
verse as  nothing.  Uiiiverse  means  everything 


47 


(*reat(‘(l,  evoii  iiiind  is  soniothing  and  evi^rytliiag 
has  a substance.  In  si)eaking  of  matter  it  is  to 
be  considered  as  ponderable  unless  otherwise  des- 
ignated. We  find  in  all  forms  of  matter  from  the 
diamond  to  the  thinnest  gas,  infinitesimal  inter- 
stices, wliich  are  filled  with  this  subtle  fluid, 
which  surrounds  the  most  minute  atom  of  the 
finest  particle  of  all  matter,  and  while  in  a passive 
state  is  the  opposite  or  negative  of  light  and  heat. 
We  know  of  no  heat  so  great,  but  that  it  might  be 
increased,  and  no  cold  so  low,  but  that  it  might  be 
reduced  still  lower.  This  does  not  prove  that  ice 
contains  caloric,  or  that  matter  can  contain  latent 
heat.  It  simply  shows  that  all  matter  is  acted 
upon  through  the  energy  of  physical  forces  and 
that  matter  is  held  in  temperature  according  to 
the  degree  of  the  energy  of  these  forces. 

There  is  no  heat  in  a natural  state;  then  there 
can  be  no  heat  without  a cause.  It  must  be  con- 
tinually produced  through  the  physical  forces  to 
keep  matter  in  a state  of  temperature,  to  sustain 
the  present  forms  of  life.  The  sun  furnishes  us 
with  a never  ceasing  supply  of  light  and  heat, 
through  physical  and  chemical  action. 

Heat  and* light  may  be  produced  by  mechanical 
means.  The  simplest  form  to  produce  fire  is  to 
take  two  pieces  of  dry  wood,  and  by  rubbing  their 


4S 

surfaces  together,  for  a short  time,  they  will  s(M)n 
ignite  and  l)iirii . Tiiis  friction  i)ro(lnces  a chem- 
ical action,  it  (‘xcites  the  electric  properties  of  the 
ether,  which  cojnhines  with  the  molecules  of 
oxygen  of  the  atmosi)h('re  and  produces  com- 
bustion. 

The  convex  lens  and  concave  mirror  produce 
fire,  by  friction,  the  same  as  the  rnld)iiig  of  wood, 
only  in  a different  form;  they  C(dlect  the  electric 
rays  from  the  snn,  and  i)ring  them  to  a focal 
point,  which  causes  friction  l»y  displacing  the 
atoms  of  ethereal  and  material  matter,  which  aie 
contained  in  the  atmosphere  and  electric  ravs  of 
light,  'the  atmosphere  will  produce  fire,  ligiit 
and  flames  in  the  same  w^ay,  through  pressnre  di- 
rected to  a focal  point,  and  if  the  iiressnre  be 
great  enough  it  will  melt  iron,  without  the  assist- 
ance of  any  other  agent  or  material.  The  atmos- 
phere feeds  both  the  flames  of  life  and  fire,  and 
being  part  consumed,  becomes  combined  with 
charcoal  which  is  alisorbed  by  it  in  the  form  of 
carbonic  acid.  It  envelopes  the  earth  for  the  dis- 
persion of  liglit,  heat  and  sound.  Fire  and  sound 
cannot  be  produced  without  an  atmosphere.  Con- 
sequently no  fire  can  exist,  or  sound  be  [iroduced 
or  heard  on  the  moon. 

This  atmosphere,  wliich  we  breathe,  is  com- 


P(>s(m1  of  oxygiMi,  nitrog(‘ii,  (‘arboiiic*  acid  and 
vap(ns.  Oxygon  coniposos  abont  one-(iflb  of  the 
atin(»sjdn*ro  and  is  inagnolic*.  If  it  was  not  for 
nitrogon  vvhitdi  dilutes  it,  it  would  eonsnine  all 
conibnstible  material.  The  (‘ntire  almospliere 
contains  abont  one  one-tbonsandtli  i)art  of  car- 
bonic acid. 

The  present  theory  in  regard  to  the  sun’s  light 
and  heat  is,  that  the  smi  emits  and  radiates  rays 
of  light  and  heat  to  the  earth  and  all  the  other 
planets,  'fhis  theory,  like  many  others  of  the 
l)resent  time,  is  founded  upon  very  insnfhcient 
reasons,  in  fact  without  reason.  It  is  a well 
known  fact  that  a few  miles  above  onr  atmos- 
phere the  temperature  is  two  hundred  and  forty 
degrees  below  zero,  and  that  heat  being  electric 
has  iiudion  and  a tendency  to  diffuse  itself  equally 
through  all  substances,  until  an  equilibrium  of 
temperature  is  formed.  Then  how  could  heat  ra 
diate  through  millions  of  miles  without  diffusing 
itself  through  space.  Again,  physicists  say  that 
the  atmosphere  absorbs  a large  amount  of  heat 
from  the  sun’s  rays  in  passing  through  it,  or  life 
would  not  be  endurable.  If  this  was  a fact  then 
the  heat  would  be  greater  above  than  below, 
whicli  is  known  to  be  the  reverse. 


50 


CHAPTER  X. 

We  have  seen  that  the  earth  was  once  in  a 
state  of  fusion;  and  we  have  proof  that  it  has  not 
yet  cooled  off;  then  we  must  receive  some  heat 
from  conduction  and  radiation,  and  we  receive  a 
daily  heat  through  the  action  of  the  sun;  so  all 
matter  must  be  at  difierent  degrees  of  temperature 
above  the  natural  state  of  nature,  caused  through 
the  action  of  physical  forces.  It  is  supposable  that 
the  sun  is  still  condensing,  and  as  the  sun  becomes 
less  in  magnitude  its  brightness  will  be  increased 
as  its  atmosphere  and  electrosphere  become  more 
concentrated.  The  sun  has  been  estimated  to  be 
less  bright  than  the  average  of  the  nearer  fixed 
stars.  So  as  we  lose  the  interior  heat  of  the  earth 
we  shall  receive  more  from  the  increased  amount 
of  electricity  which  would  be  produced  by  greater 
friction  of  the  concentration  of  its  outer  spheres 
and  the  collection  of  cometic  matter,  which  will 
fall  to  its  electrosphere.  Heretofore  it  was  stated 
that  the  sun’s  brightness  was  an  electric  light, 
caused  by  friction  between  the  swift  whirling  at- 
mosphere, which  was  enveloped  by  a stationary 
fluid,  the  nature  of  which  we  have  no  knowledge. 
This  friction  produces  electricity,  which  ignites 
the  oxygen  of  the  atmosphere  (which  is  magnetic) 


and  this  llnid  being  eleetric*  kcM'ps  np  a c*()ntinnon« 
conilmstinn;  producing  electric  liglit  and  currents. 
Heat  is  electric  and  is  always  prodnced  by  fric- 
tion, whether  by  chemical  action  or  any  other 
means;  it  displaces  the  molecnles  of  matter,  and 
decomposes  and  separates  the  ethereal  fluid  which 
snrronnds  every  atom  of  matter,  causing  an  evo- 
lution into  electricity,  which  is  the  principle  and 
cause  of  heat.  Heat  batteries  have  been  made 
for  i^rodncing  electricity.  They  are  called  thermo- 
eiectric  batteries.  If  two  metals  are  heated,  one 
(►f  which  is  at  a lower  temperature,  and  placed 
near  together  an  electric  current  will  be  formed 
between  them,  Imt  if  both  are  of  the  same  metal 
and  temperature  there  will  be  no  current  for  l>oth 
metals  will  be  positive.  This  is  proof  that  elec- 
tricity has  but  one  fluid,  which  is  positive,  and 
that  heat  is  electric.  The  principle  of  light,  heat 
and  electricity  pervades  all  space  and  permeates 
every  particle  of  matter,  and  through  physical 
forces  they  are  produced,  but  there  is  no  such 
thing  as  latent  heat,  ddie  action  of  the  sun  in 
producing  electricity,  light  and  heat,  is  thnmgh 
friction,  and  is  governed  by  the  same  physical 
laws,  which  govern  all  modes  of  producing  them. 
There  is  free  electricity  contained  in  a more  or  less 
degree  in  ali  material  substances;  caused  by  the 


inevitable  moving  of  matter,  ami  when  a body  re- 
ceives more  than  a natural  share  it  becomes 
charged,  and  like  light  and  heat  it  works  through 
media,  and  is  disposed  to  form  an  eqnilibrinm 
witli  all  matter  containing  less. 

When  a cloiid  becomes  electrified  the  elec- 
tricity will  force  a passage  through  the  air  to  a 
cloud  or  substance  containing  less,  or  diffuse  itself 
tlirongh  the  atmosphere  igniting  the  oxygen  as  it 
passes,  producing  a coiitinuons  chain  of  electric 
light.  Electricity  always  passes  through  media 
of  least  resistance,  and  as  the  atmosphere  contains 
currents  of  moist  and  dry  air;  the  dry  being  a 
bad  medium  or  conductor,  and  the  moist  good,  its 
course  will  be  in  a zig-zag  path.  Heat  in  all 
modes  and  forms  is  nothing  but  electricity  under 
certain  conditions  of  excitation;  and  same  as 
electricity  produces  an  evolution  among  ethereal 
atoms  which  evolve  into  light  and  electric  currents, 
which  acting  upon  the  retina  of  the  eye  pro- 
duce the  sensation  of  sight.  All  lights  are  pro- 
duced and  goverped  by  the  same  laws;  phos- 
phorescent light  and  all  other  lights,  of  every 
description,  are  caused  by  more  or  less  heat  and 
electric  excitement.  All  lights  have  prismatic 
colors.  Tills  theory  does  not  conflict  with  the 
laws  which  govern  the  spectroscope.  The  sun  is 


ail  electric  iriacliine,  and  disperses  electric  cur- 
rents which  radiate  through  space,  its  natural 
niediuin,  and  when  ihese  currents  come  in  con- 
tact with  gravitated  matter,  it  causes  friction  by 
exciting  an  evolution  among  the  atoms  of  ma- 
terial and  ethereal  matter,  and  evolves  into  light 
heat,  which  creates  electric  currents;  and  light  is 
the  sensation  of  these  currents.  Thus  do  we  re- 
ceive our  heat  and  light  through  electric  currents, 
which  after  passing  through  a space  of  ninety-two 
million  miles  in  perfect  darkness  and  at  a tem- 
perature of  240*^  below  zero,  produce  friction  by 
causing  excitation  among  atoms  of  etherial  and 
material  matter,  and  not  through  rays  of  light 
and  heat  from  the  sun.  These  currents  of  elec- 
tricity are  continually  coming  to  the  earth  from 
the  sun,  planets,  stars  and  remote  nebulae;  and 
produce  electric  light  heat  upon  the  earth’s  sur- 
face and  through  its  atmosphere,  in  proportion  to 
their  energy.  This  light  heat  is  at  every  possible 
point  through  the  atmosphere  and  earth’s  surface, 
which  is  in  communication  through  these  cur- 
rents from  the  sun,  planets,  stars  and  nebulae. 
Heat  being  electric  radiates  electric  currents  from 
every  point  and  in  all  directions  from  the  earth’s 
surface  and  throughout  the  atmosphere;  this  to- 
gether with  the  reflection  and  refraction  forms  a 


54 

solid  mass  of  electric  currents  through  the  atmos- 
phere, which  to  our  visual  sensation  is  sight  and 
illumination.  Without  an  atmosphere  we  would 
have  no  sensation  of  sight,  only  in  the  direction  of 
these  worlds  of  electric  light,  or  directly  to  an  ar- 
tificial light  which  is  electric.  All  else  would  be 
a night  of  perfect  darkness,  and  all  lights  would 
appear  as  bright  spots  on  a black  background. 

It  is  supposable  that  all  planetary  worlds  are 
similar  to  our  own  system.  We  know  that  the 
stars  cause  light  and  heat  same  as  the  sun,  and 
•we  have  reason  to  believe  that  each  one  of  them  is 
the  center  of  a solar  system,  similar  to  our  own. 
Here  then  are  millions  of  electric  powers,  contin- 
ually at  work,  furnishing  electricity  to  supply 
heat  and  light  for  the  sustenance  of  life.  All  of 
the  heavenly  bodies  become  magnetic  depositories, 
and  receive  the  electric  currents  from  suns,  by 
which  heat,  light  and  sight  are  produced,  and 
these  currents  of  electricity  are  continually  pass- 
ing between  all  worlds  same  as  the  attraction  of 
gravity 


CHAPTER  Xr. 

Fixed  stars.  They  are  called  tixed  stars  be- 
cause their  distance  from  tlie  earth  is  so  gjreat 
that  they  always  occupy  the  same  position  in  the 
firmament.  Although  the  earth  makes  an  angle 
of  one  hundred  and  eighty-fonr  millions  of  miles 
in  each  revolution  around  the  sun,  it  does  not 
change  their  relative  positions.  Some  of  these 
stars  have  a parallax  and  their  distarrces  have 
been  calculated. 

They  are  classed  according  to  their  brightness, 
the  brightest  are  called  stars  of  the  first  magni- 
tude, the  next  stars  in  brightness  are  called  stars 
of  the  second  magnitude  and  so  on  up  to  the  sixth 
nragnitude.  These  six  magnitudes  are  seen  with- 
out the  assistance  of  the  telescope.  By  the  varia- 
tions in  their  brightness  the  telescope  finds  them 
so  far  distant  that  they  are  classed  as  high  as  the 
eighteenth  magnitude.  Other  stars  that  we  see 
are  planets  of  the  solar  system  and  revolve  around 
the  sun.  The  apparent  size  and  brightness  of  the 
fixed  stars  is  owing  to  the  difference  in  their 
distances. 

Sir  John  Herschel  computed  the  distance  of 
stars  at  not  less  than  nineteen  trillion  two  him- 


(lied  billion  of  miles.  The  nearest  fixed  star 
to  us  is  Alidia  Centanri,  which  is  fourteen 
billion  of  miles  distant.  Light  from  this  star 
would  require  nearly  three  and  one-half  years  in 
reaching  us,  and  Draconis  a star  that  lias  a paral- 
lax would  require  one  linndred  and  twenty-nine 
years.  Such  immense  distances  are  beyond  our 
comprehension,  still  they  are  our  near  neighbors; 
some  of  these  stars  are  so  far  aw^ay  that  it  takes 
their  light  five  thousand  years  to  reach  us.  0, 
Earth,  thou  insignificant  part  of  creation,  you 
could  not  be  seen  by  such  eyes  as  ours  from  your 
own  brother  planet,  Jupiter.  We  have  evidence 
sufficient  to  form  a belief  that  these  stars  are  as 
far  apart,  from  each  other,  as  the  nearest  one  is 
from  us.  This  only  comprises  our  own  stellar  sys- 
tem, and  thousands  of  stellar  systems  have  been 
discovered  similar  to  our  own. 

Sir  John  Herschel  published  a catalogue  of 
over  five  thousand  different  patches  of  nebulae. 
Some  of  these  patches  of  nebulae  are  so  distant 
that  light  traveling  at  nearly  200,000  miles  a sec- 
ond, would  be  thirty  million  years  in  reaching  us. 
Let  us  stop  and  consider  about  this  long  distance, 
and  see  if  we  can  reconcile  it  with  the  present 
theories  of  the  transmission  of  light  and  heat. 
There  are  two  theories  of  the  transmission  of 


light  and  heat  at  the  present  time.  One  is  the 
emission  theory  advocated  by  Newton  and  La 
Place;  wliich  is,  that  light  consists  of  intinitesimal 
particles  of  matter  shot  forth  from  Inrninons 
bodies.  This  theory  does  not  accord  with  onr  pres- 
ent views  of  force  and  motion. 

The  undnlatory  theory  is,  that  light  consists  of 
waves,  or  vibrations,  transmitted  through  the  me- 
dium ether,  and  that  luminons  bodies  impart  a 
motion  of  vibration  to  this  ether,  which  it  trans- 
mits. This  is  the  theory  of  Hnyghenes,  Fresnel, 
Young,  Mains  and  many  others.  This  theory  is 
now  adopted  by  most  ali  physicists.  Neither  of 
these  theories  appears  very  reasonable  and,  in 
fact,  they  look  very  unreasonable.  We  have  no 
reason  to  suppose  that  matter  conld  be  shot  or  re- 
pelled throngh  space  in  every  direction  with  such 
a velocity;  or  that  waves  or  vibrations  could  be 
so  produced  as  to  last  even  five  thousand  years, 
w^hich  time  is  required  for  light  to  reach  us  from 
some  of  our  own  galaxy  of  stars. 

Again,  it  is  against  all  knovvn  laws,  that  this 
light  and  heat  could  remain  five  thousand  years 
instead  of  30,000,000,  in  a medium  240*^  below 
zero,  Fahrenheit.  We  know  of  but  one  agent,  or 
substance  that  could  pass  from  one  planet  to  an- 
other with  such  astonishing  rapidity,  and  that  is 


58 

electricity.  We  have  proof  that  electric  currents 
pass  between  the  earth  and  snn.  The  periodicity 
of  the  large  amount  of  solar  spots,  causes  mag- 
netic phenomena  upon  the  earth’s  surface.  They 
correspond  with  the  variations  of  the  magnetic 
needle  and  number  of  auroras,  and  it  is  supposed 
that  they  are  connected  with  meteorological  phe- 
nomena. 

What  we  have  been  calling  nebulae  are,  in  fact, 
most  all  of  them  star  systems,  similar  to  our  gal- 
axy of  stars.  They  were  once  supposed  to  be  neb- 
ulous matter;  but  after  getting  stronger  tele- 
scopes, they  were  resolved  into  stars,  when  more 
nebulae  was  found  which  could  not  be  resolved 
into  stars;  but  by  getting  more  powerful  tele- 
scopes, they  too  were  all  resolved  and  others 
found. 

There  seems  to  be  no  end  to  worlds.  All  the 
so  called  nebulae  found  outside  of  our  system  of 
stars  only  depends  upon  our  ability  to  resolve 
them  into  stars.  If  one  of  these  stars  of  the  far 
distant  nebulae  should  be  thrown  into  nebulous 
matter,  we  could  not  perceive  it  at  such  a dis- 
tance. Nebulae  is  the  matter  of  a dead  star  system, 
and  not  a system  of  stars,  and  of  course  can  only 
be  seen  in  our  own  system  of  stars.  There  are 
found  in  our  system,  stars  called  nebulous  stars. 


This  nebulosity  seen,  is  either  the  electrosphere, 
snrronnding  the  photosphere,  as  seen  snrroniidiiig 
onr  snn  in  total  eclipses,  or  more  probable  me- 
teorides,  same  as  snrronnd  onr  snn. 

Onr  galaxy  of  stars  is  in  the  form  of  a broad 
ring,  something  of  the  form  of  a double  convex 
lens,  and  is  filled  from  center  to  rim  with  stars  at 
equal  distances  apart,  onr  snn  being  near  the 
center.  When  we  view  them  from  onr  standpoint 
we  are  looking  through  trillions  of  miles  of  space, 
filled  with  stars  having  the  appearance  of  being 
close  together  and  of  different  size  and  bright- 
ness. This  does  not  agree  with  the  theory  of  a 
central  snn,  but  we  are  not  following  old  theories; 
we  are  taking  everything  as  we  find  it,  then  rea- 
soning from  analogy  and  natural  laws  the  most 
probable  effect  that  would  be  produced  from  a 
natural  cause. 

We  cannot  suppose  that  there  are  any  central 
suns.  We  know  that  there  is  no  central  sun  to  our 
galaxy  of  stars  for  onr  snn  is  near  the  center  and 
we  know  that  it  is  far  smaller  than  many  stars 
that  we  are  acquainted  with;  then  why  suppose 
that  other  sidereal  systems  have  a central  sun,  or 
that  there  is  a grand  central  sun  around  which 
all  of  these  stellar  systems  revolve.  But  all  sys- 
tems have  common  centers,  around  which  they 


revolve,  and  there  is  a grand  central  power  of  at- 
traction, blit  this  point  is  not  defined  to  a material 
center  like  a hub  to  a wheel,  but  is  the  unity  of 
power  in  their  central  point  of  gravity  which  is 
the  most  binding  form  of  strength  and  unity. 

There  are  among  the  fixed  stars  groups  of 
double,  triple  and  quadruple  stars  which  revolve 
around  a common  center  of  attraction;  that  is, 
they  revolve  around  each  other.  These  stars  were 
originally  a solar  system,  similar  to  our  own,  but 
far  larger,  with  a sun  and  planets,  and  when  the 
system  was  thrown  into  nebulous  vapors,  the  ma- 
terial was  diffused  to  a very  great  extent  before 
cooling  sufficient  to  re-form,  and  when  partially 
cooled  the  particles  commenced  collecting  around 
dense  centers  and  by  their  mutual  attraction 
were  drawn  towards  each  other  and  through  the 
laws  of  gravity,  inertia  and  motion  they  revolve 
around  their  centers  of  united  gravity  and  as  they 
were  the  same  material  they  became  self  lu- 
minous, or  suns. 


01 


CHAPTER  XII. 

The  powers  of  gravity  acting  upon  the  uni- 
verse of  worlds  which  holds  them  in  their  position 
cannot  be  equal;  consequently  all  stellar  systems 
must  revolve  around  centers  of  motion,  as  motion 
is  a property  of  matter,  and  there  can  be  no  grav- 
itated matter  without  motion. 

There  are  stars  that  show  variable  lights;  this 
is  the  case  with  our  sun.  This  variation  of  light 
is  caused  by  sun  spots  and  is  periodical.  The  star 
Algol  is  a variable  star,  but  the  variations  being 
so  regular  and  often,  the  variation  must  be  caused 
by  a dark  planet  revolving  between  us  and  the 
star,  partially  eclipsing  it  from  our  view.  In  this 
star,  which  is  a sun,  we  have  proof  of  the  exist- 
ence of  other  solar  systems.  All  worlds  had  a be- 
ginning and  in  that  beginning  was  placed  ma- 
terial for  their  ending. 

In  the  course  of  time  they  will  all  die,  as  ever 
was  and  ever  will  be  the  case  with  all  material 
beings  and  things.  Only  the  principle  of  life  can 
never  die.  Bright  stars  have  faded  from  our  view 
while  new  ones  have  come.  We  have  watched 
their  bright  lights  die  out  from  the  family  of  stars, 
and  seen  new  born  worlds.  Like  trees  in  the  forest 


62 


they  die  out  one  by  one  while  others  are  forming 
to  take  their  place.  Thus  has  it  been,  and  ever 
will  be,  from  the  first  creation,  a continuous  change 
of  matter. 

The  ether  fiuid  which  fills  ail  space  has  a con- 
sistency which  causes  a slight  resistance  to  the 
moving  of  planets;  this  resistance  will  cause 
them  to  move  slower  in  their  orbits,  but  millions 
of  years  must  come  and  go  before  the  first  frac- 
tional part  of  a second  could  be  discovered  in 
their  motions.  For  the  last  two  thousand  years 
the  earth  has  not  varied  a perceivable  fraction  of 
a second  in  its  yearly  course  around  the  sun.  But 
this  slight  resistance,  like  light  drops  of  water 
falling  upon  the  hardest  rocks,  will,  in  time,  cause 
them  to  pass  away.  The  effect  which  would  be 
produced  by  a planet  moving  slower  in  its  orbit 
would  be  a contraction  of  the  orbit  and  a nearer 
approach  to  a circle.  This  continuous  resistance 
to  the  moving  of  the  planets  will,  through  the 
course  of  time,  bring  all  their  orbits  to  a circle, 
which  will  cause  them  to  fall  directly  to  the 
sun.  It  has  been  stated  that  Neptune  was  the 
first  planet  thrown  from  the  sun’s  equator,  and 
received  the  greatest  momentum;  consequently 
it  was  the  farthest  planet  from  the  sun,  and  now 
having  less  momentum  moves  slower  in  its  orbit. 


08 

and  as  it  is  of  light  material  it  will  be  the  first 
planet  to  shovv  the  effects  of  decay. 

A heavenly  body  cannot  continue  to  pass 
through  space  only  in  gn  eccentric  form,  which 
gives  it  a fall,  causing  accelerated  momentum, 
and  its  inertia  sustains  it.  It  will  be  seen  that 
in  the  course  of  time  Neptune  will  be  moving 
with  less  momentum  in  its  orbit,  and  it  will  be 
continually  contracting  its  orbit  and  approaching 
nearer  to  a circle,  and  will  continue  to  do  so  as 
long  as  it  has  a momentum  force,  which  will  be 
expended  at  the  moment  it  contracts  to  a circle. 
This  will  occur  at  a point  opposite,  but  nearer  to 
the  sun,  where  it  first  made  a revolution,  and  then 
it  will  fall  directly  to  the  sun;  like  a ball  thrown 
perpendicular  into  the  air,  when  its  momentum 
is  spent,  it  hesitates  a moment,  then  falls  to  the 
power  of  attraction.  When  this  time  occurs  all 
of  the  planets  will  be  moving  with  decreasing 
momentum  in  their  orbits.  Uranus  and  Saturn 
will  have  contracted  their  orbits  nearly  to  a circle, 
and  as  Neptune  falls  through  the  plane  of  orbits 
it  will  carry  all  of  the  planets  with  it  to  the  sun. 
This  will  vaporize  the  whole  solar  system  to 
atoms,  and  another  star  will  be  stricken  from  the 
galaxy  of  heaven.  But  this  excessive  heat  cannot 


64 


long  remain  in  nebulse,  in  space  240*^  below  zero, 
Fahrenheit.  In  the  course  of  a few  thousand 
years  a new  star  will  appear.  But  it  will  soon 
form  attendant  planets,  which  will  cause  its 
bright  light  to  go  out,  for  a time  as  was  the  case 
with  our  sun.  Thus  one  by  one  will  all  of  the  si- 
dereal suns  pass  through  this  ordeal  of  excessive 
heat,  and  will  again  be  reformed.  This  great  power 
of  nature,  continually  exerted  in  expanding  solar 
systems,  and  then  re-forming  them,  must  give 
force  to  motion,  or  an  energy  to  the  force  of  grav- 
ity, sufficient  to  balance  this  slight  resistance,  or 
else  through  great  cycles  of  time  all  stellar  sys- 
tems will  result  in  nebulae. 


(>5 


( li APTER  XIIL 

i^:ROLITP]S,  METKiHiS  AND  SHOOTING  STARS. 

Tlie  investigations  within  the  last  fifty  years 
prove  that  planetary  matter,  in  the  form  of  im- 
mense masses  of  innumerable  small  bodies,  far 
too  small  to  be  observed  by  the  telescope  are  re- 
volving around  the  sun,  near  or  within  the  earth’s 
orbit.  The  main  proof  of  this  is  in  the  fall- 
ing of  meteors,  geroiites  and  shooting  stars  into 
the  earth’s  atmosphere.  It  is  also  proved  that  all 
of  them  have  a comimm  origin,  and  that  their 
difference  is  only  one  of  magnitude.  Only  the 
larger  ones  reach  the  earth’s  surface,  the  smaller 
ones  being  consumed  through  excessive  heat  in 
passing  through  the  atmosphere. 

It  has  been  shown  that  the  atmosphere  under 
pressure  would  melt  iron.  The  pressure  of  a 
force  of  97  feet  per  second  raises  the  temperature 
one  degree  Fahrenheit,  and  the  increase  of  tem- 
perature is  always  in  proportion  to  the  energy  of 
the  force,  and  the  force  is  in  proportion  to  the 
square  of  the  velocity.  Now  if  these  bodies  are 
of  the  same  material,  the  law  of  gravity  would 
cause  the  small  bodies  to  fall  through  the  atmos- 
phere with  the  same  speed  as  the  larger  ones. 


They  probably  fell  many  ihousands  of  miles, 
which  would  cause  great  velocities,  and  the  en- 
ergy of  the  force  would  be  the  same  as  though 
they  were  stationary  and  the  atmosphere  was  di- 
rected upon  them  with  the  same  force.  If  the  at- 
mosphere was  of  the  same  density  throughout  the 
upper  regions  that  it  has  at  the  earth’s  surface  it 
would  consume  any  known  substance  in  passing 
through  it  with  such  great  velocity. 

The  smallest  of  these  bodies  are  the  shooting 
stars,  which  are  continually  falling  nieht  and 
day.  They  can  be  seen  on  any  clear  night.  The  next 
in  size  are  called  meteors,  and  those  that  are  large 
enough  to  reach  the  surface  of  the  earth  without 
being  all  consumed  are  called  serolites  All  of  these 
unseen  bodies  revolving  through  space  are  called 
meteorides.  Sometimes  these  large  ones  burst 
with  a loud  report.  In  1860  one  of  these  aerolites 
burst  and  fell  in  Ohio.  The  explosion  was  heard 
seventy-five  miles,  and  at  places  fifty  to  sixty 
miles  from  the  explosion  it  shook  the  earth  like 
an  earthquake.  Several  fragments  of  this  aerolite 
were  found,  one  of  which  weighed  one  hundred 
and  three  pounds,  and  struck  the  earth  with  suffi- 
cient force  to  sink  it  three  feet  below  the  surface. 
This  piece  is  now  in  the  cabinet  of  Marietta 
college.  The  cause  of  these  explosions  is  the  sud- 


(len  change  from  extreme  cold  to  intense  heat. 
It  has  been  estimated  through  different  sources 
and  processes  of  calculation  that  the  ethereal 
space  above  oiir  atmosphere  is  at  least  240^  below 
zero,  Fahrenheit.  Many  kinds  of  rocks  at  a low 
temperature  tlirown  into  a hot  fire  will  explode 
with  a loud  report.  This  then  accounts  for  the 
explosion  of  aerolites. 

The  earth  in  its  yearly  course  around  the  sun, 
in  certain  parts  of  its  orbit  approaches  nearer  to 
the  orbits  of  these  masses  of  meteorides  and  at- 
tracts them  in  larger  numbers  than  it  does  when 
in  other  parts  of  its  orbit.  About  November  14th, 
there  is  always  a more  briliant  display  of  meteors, 
also  August  10  there  are  more  shooting  stars  than 
usual.  These  small  bodies  must  be  continually 
perturbed  by  the  attraction  of  the  planets  as  they 
pass  around  the  sun,  and  comets  must  effect  them 
materially,  especially  if  they  pass  near  their  line 
of  orbits,  and  they  must  be  continually  changing 
their  orbits. 

It  has  been  observed  for  some  time  that  in 
about  every  thirty-four  years  there  is  a far  greater 
display  of  meteors  in  November.  This  fact  shows 
that  these  small  bodies  are  in  a continuous  ring 
revolving  around  the  sun,  and  at  some  parts  of 
this  ring  they  are  in  a greater  mass,  and  that  the 


earth  meets  this  mass  at  the  same  point,  once  in 
about  thirty-four  years.  In  times  of  great  showers 
of  these  meteors  they  radiatt^  from  one  point  in 
the  sky,  and  keep  their  relative  position  to  the 
fixed  stars.  This  proves  that  these  meteors  radi- 
ate from  one  mass  and  move  in  orbits  from  west 
to  east. 

It  has  always  been  stated  that  the  atmosphere 
only  extended  about  forty-five  miles  above  the 
earth’s  surface.  This  calculation  was  made  from 
the  fact  that  the  visible  reflection  of  the  sun’s 
light  is  only  seen  at  about  this  distance,  but  we 
have  evidence  that  the  atmosphere  extends  six 
hundred  miles  at  least,  and  probably  far  more. 
During  meteoric  showers  they  have  been  known 
to  ignite  at  different  altitudes  from  one  to  over 
five  hundred  miles  above  the  earth.  Professor 
Olmstead  says  of  the  shower  of  1833,  they  were 
not  less  than  2,238  miles  above  the  earth.  Most 
all  of  them  are  consumed  before  they  reach  the 
point  of  reflected  light. 

It  has  never  been  satisfactorily  shown  how 
iron,  stone  and  other  subsatnces  came  into  space. 
It  was  at  first  supposed  that  these  bodies  were 
thrown  from  volcanoes  in  the  moon.  It  was  ad- 
vocated that  a force  sufficient  to  throw  them 
seventy  miles  would  carry  them  out  of  the  attrac- 


tioii  of  the  moon,  and  they  would  fall  to  the  (‘arth; 
that  some  of  the  earth’s  volcanoes  had  thrown 
bodies  with  sufficient  velocity  to  accomplish  this 
on  the  moon.  But  it  was  afterward  found  that 
the  moon  had  no  existing  volcanoes.  The  next 
theory  was  that  they  were  formed  in  the  atmos- 
phere from  material  existing  in  a sublimated  state. 
This  was  found  objectionable  for  the  reason  that 
gases,  when  in  contact  must  mix,  and  gases  neces- 
sary to  form  these  substances,  could  not  remain  in 
the  air  unmixed.  Another  theory  was  that  they 
were  fragments  of  an  exploded  planet.  This  theory 
was  .untenable  for  various  reasons,  which  were 
soon  brought  out.  They  could  not  possibly  have 
their  origin  from  nebulous  matter,  for  they  could 
not  have  coalesced  in  masses  of  such  fine  division; 
then  where  did  they  come  from?  This  question 
has  never  been  answered. 

From  all  of  these  facts  it  is  apparent  that 
these  November  showers  of  meteors  are  moving 
between  the  earth’s  orbit,  and  that  of  Venus,  and 
that  they  are  moving  in  orbits  less  eccentric  than 
the  earth’s,  which  would  cause  their  velocity  to  be 
more  uniform  through  their  orbits.  As  they  hold 
their  relative  positions,  for  hours,  to  the  fixed 
stars,  and  radiate  from  one  point,  it  is  evident 
that  they  are  moving  in  the  same  direction,  that 


TO 


the  earth  moves,  and  with  nearly  the  same  ve- 
locity at  this  point  of  the  earth’s  orbit.  If  this 
radiating  point  moved  in  any  other  direction,  or 
moved  slower,  it  would  appear  to  move  west  faster 
than  the  fixed  stars,  as  the  earth  at  this  point  of 
its  orbit  is  moving  considerable  over  68,000  miles 
per  hour.  These  bodies  moving  inside  of  the 
circle  would  not  have  to  move  as  fast  as  the  earth 
to  hold  their  positions.  The  earth  in  going  from 
its  aphelion  to  perihelion  is  continually  gaining 
accelerated  velocity  through  its  elliptical  form  of 
orbit,  and  as  these  meteors  are  moving  in  orbits 
less  eccentric,  they  could  not  gain  the  accelera- 
tion that  the  earth  was  receiving;  consequently 
in  a few  hours  the  earth  would  leave  them  behind. 
It  has  been  shown  that  planetary  matter  was 
thrown  from  the  sun’s  equator  into  planetary  spaces 
before  the  planets  were  formed.  All  the  material 
that  did  not  collect  with  the  large  bodies  before 
making  a revolution  around  the  sun,  became  self 
sustaining  bodies.  It  is  not  supposable,  or  even 
probable,  that  this  planetary  matter,  in  any  great 
extent,  extends  as  far  as  the  orbit  of  Mars.  Within 
the  orbit  of  Venus  these  meteorides  are  in  very  large 
numbers,  and  form  a continuous  ring  around  the 
sun.  Their  reflection  is  called  the  zodiacal  light. 


71 


CHAPTER  XIV. 

Comets  are  of  a different  material  from  any 
material  substance  witli  which  we  are  acquainted. 
It  is  not  an  unwarrantable  hypothesis  to  suppose 
that  cometary  matter  is  of  tlie  same  material  as 
the  sun’s  electrospliere,  which  surrounds  the  sun’s 
brightness.  When  the  solar  system  was  in  neb- 
ulae this  matter,  being  of  a different  material, 
must  have  expanded  far  away  and  beyond  the 
more  dense  matter  of  planetary  material,  and 
floated  in  light,  fleecy  and  feathery  clouds,  in 
patches  of  exceedingly  wide  spaces.  As  soon  as 
the  heat  radiated  away,  all  planetary  matter  col- 
lected in  one  body  through  the  force  of  attraction, 
and  by  condensing  soon  formed  into  a solid  mass, 
and  by  farther  cooling  and  condensing  formed  the 
planet  sun.  These  light  patches  of  cometary 
matter,  which  did  not  approach  the  sun  before 
the  planets  were  formed,  became  wandering  bodies 
without  a fixed  and  secure  path.  All  of  these  are 
under  the  power  of  solar  attraction,  and  cannot 
leave  the  solar  system  any  more  than  one  of  the 
planets. 

Through  a course  of  time  all  of  these  light 
bodies  had  contracted  to  their  present  density  and 


form,  and  commenced  falling  to  the  snn.  But 
thousands  of  these  small  patches  of  gas  did  not 
reach  the  sun  before  the  planets  were  formed. 
And  now  all  of  these  bodies  in  approaching  the 
sun  were  drawn  to  one  side  and  prevented  from 
falling  to  the  sun.  The  law  of  falling  bodies 
gave  these  light  masses  the  same  velocity  that  a 
planet  would  acquire  in  falling  through  the  same 
space.  This  gave  these  light  bodies  of  gas,  which 
we  know  as  comets,  a momentum  force  sufficient 
to  carry  them  back  to  the  point  of  starting  but  no 
farther. 

Comets  commenced  their  , fall  to  the  central 
power  of  attraction  of  the  solar  system,  from  an 
immense  distance  and  their  orbits  are  in  propor- 
tion to  their  fall,  and  their  angular  momentum, 
which  they  receive  from  the  planets  in  passing 
through  the  solar  system,  which  draws  them  to  one 
side  and  prevents  them  from  falling  to  the  sun; 
consequently  their  orbits  are  very  elongated,  and 
are  either  in  the  form  of  the  parabola  or  hyperbola 
conic  sections.  This  form  of  orbit  is  not  durable, 
and  cannot  always  remain  in  this  form.  The 
planets  which  cause  their  angular  motion  from 
the  sun  are  moving  in  their  orbits,  and  attract 
them  differently  in  their  approaching  and  reced- 
ing to  and  from  the  sun,  and  it  is  an  impossibility 


for  any  comet  to  pass  twice  in  one  [aitli. 

Comets  approach  tiie  solar  system  from  all 
conceivable  directions,  from  the  east,  west,  north 
and  south,  and  from  above  and  below'.  They  are 
forever  receiving  great  perturbations  from  th(‘ 
planets  in  their  course  around  the  sun,  both  in  com- 
ing and  going,  which  is  continually  changing  their 
line  of  direction.  This  resistance  to  their  fall 
and  the  resistance  which  they  receive  in  passing 
through  the  sun’s  electrosphere,  cause  them  to 
shorten  their  hyperbola  orbits,  to  that  of  a par- 
abola, and  from  the  parabola,  to  that  of  nearer 
the  form  of  the  ellipse.  But  they  will  cease  tu 
exist  long  before  they  could  revolve  in  the  form 
of  the  ellipse,  for  in  every  revolution  they  will 
move  with  less  momentum,  and  approach  nearer 
and  nearer  to  the  sun,  until  their  inertia  is  not 
sufficient  to  resist  the  power  of  attraction  and 
they  will  fall  to  the  sun.  Possibly  some  may  fall 
to  the  planets  without  any  apparent  or  injurious 
effect.  There  is  no  doubt  but  that  comets  have 
fallen  to  the  earth  without  any  injurious  effect. 

1{.\S  THE  EARTH  PASSED  THROUGH  THE  TAILS  OF 
COMETS? 

‘‘It  has  been  asserted  by  some  astronomers  that 
tlie  earth  has  on  several  occasions  passed  through 


tlie  tail  of  a comet,  and  in  proof  of  this  fact  sev- 
eral cases  of  a singular  or  peculiar  kind  of  fog 
have  been  noticed  at  several  periods.  The  first  of 
which  any  record  is  made  was  that  of  1783.  It  be- 
gan on  the  18th  of  June  and  at  places  very  re- 
mote from  each  other.  It  extended  from  Africa 
to  Sweden  and  throughout  North  and  South  Amer- 
ica. This  fog  continued  more  than  a month.  It 
did  not  appear  to  be  carried  to  different  places  by 
the  atmosphere;  because  in  some  places  it  came 
on  with  a north  wind  and  at  others  with  a south 
or  east  wind.  It  prevailed  in  the  highest  Alps  as 
well  as  in  the  lowest  valleys.  The  rains  which 
were  very  abundant  in  June  and  July  did  not  ap- 
pear to  disperse  it  in  the  least.  In  Languedoc  its 
density  was  so  great  that  the  sun  did  not  become 
visible  in  the  morning  till  it  was  twelve  degrees 
above  the  horizon;  it  appeared  very  red  during 
the  rest  of  the  day  and  might  be  looked  at  with 
the  naked  eye.  This  fog  or  smoke  had  a disagree- 
able smell  and  was  entirely  destitute  of  any 
moisture,  whereas  most  fogs  are  moist;  besides  all 
this  there  was  one  remarkable  quality  in  the  fog 
or  smoke  of  1783,  it  appeared  to  possess  a phos- 
phoric property  or  a light  of  its  own.  We  find  by 
the  accounts  of  some  observers,  that  it  afforded, 
even  at  midnight,  a light  equal  to  that  of  the  full 


moon,  iind  wliicli  was  suffieiont  to  enablo  a [)(*rson 
to  see  objects  distinctly  at  a distance  of  two  bun- 
died  yards;  and  to  remove  all  doubts  as  to  the 
source  of  this  light,  it  is  recorded  tiiat  at  the  time 
there  was  a new  moon. 

“Another  remarkable  fog  in  1881,  which  ex- 
cited the  public  mind  in  all  quarters  of  the  globe, 
resembled  so  much  that  of  1783,  that  the  descrip- 
tion given  of  it,  applies  to  that  of  1881. 

“Now  let  us  look  at  the  facts.  It  must  be  ac- 
knowledged by  all  that  these  fogs  originated  from 
some  uncommon  cause.  Now  the  next  question  is 
to  what  causes  shall  we  attribute  the  fogs  of  1788 
and  1881.  Some  have  supposed  that  they  were 
caused  by  irruptions  of  Mount  Hecla  in  Iceland; 
others  have  advanced  the  idea  that  an  immense 
fire  ball  in  penetrating  our  atmosphere  was  there 
but  partially  ignited,  and  that  torrents  of  smoke 
were  deposited  in  the  higher  regions  of  our  at- 
mosphere and  finally  diffused  through  it. 

“These  explanations  are  very  unsatisfactory.  If 
the  fogs  were  actually  produced  by  the  earth’s 
passing  through  any  portion  of  a comet,  we  have 
no  cause  of  fear  from  these  bodies  which  have 
been  for  centuries  a terror  and  dread  to  mankind 
generally.  We  will  concede  that  these  fogs 
were  produced  by  comets,  until  we  have  a better 


explanation  of  their  origin/' 

Comets  are  numbered  by  hundreds  of  thou- 
sands, but  the  most  of  them  are  so  small  that  they 
can  only  be  seen  through  the  aid  of  the  telescope, 
and  tliousands  of  them  pass  above  the  horizon  in 
the  day  time,  and  cannot  be  seen  on  account  of 
the  briglit  retlection  of  light  througli  our  atmos- 
phere. Scarcely  a mouth  iu  the  year  but  they 
are  seen. 

It  was  claimed  by  Sir  Isaac  Newton,  Sir  John 
Herschel,  Professor  Nichol  and,  as  far  as  I know, 
by  all  scientists  and  astronomers  that  comets  of 
hyperbola  orbits  never  visit  our  system  but  once, 
and  then  fly  off  iu  straight  lines,  until  they  pass 
out  of  the  attraction  of  the  solar  system  and  go 
to  revolve  around  suns  in  the  far  distant  heavens. 
It  is  a well  known  fact  that  gravitation  causes  all 
the  motions  of  the  heavenly  bodies,  and  it  would 
be  as  impossible  for  a body  of  the  solar  system  to 
pass  beyond  its  attraction,  as  it  would  be  for  a 
body  not  to  obey  the  law  of  attraction.  This  the- 
ory would  recognize  that  a power  would  contain  a 
reserved  force,  which  would  be  greater  than  itself. 
These  comets  receive  their  motions  through  the 
power  of  ^attraction,  which  causes  them  to  fall  to 
this  power,  and  through  accelerated  velocity,  and 
the  angular  attraction  which  they  receive  in  pass- 


iiig  through  the  system  of  i)lariets,  gives  their  in- 
ertia a conservation  of  force,  sufficient  to  resist 
the  power  of  gravity,  and  without  further  resist- 
ance to  carry  them  back  to  nearly  the  point  from 
which  they  started. 

Most  of  the  comets  are  small,  some  of  them  are 
only  twenty  or  thirty  miles  in  diameter,  and  but 
a few  that  have  a nucleus  over  two  thousand 
miles  in  diameter.  Some  of  these  comets  have 
appendages  or  tails  which  stream  out  behind 
them  in  their  approach,  and  keep  in  an  opposite 
direction  from  the  sun  while  turning  in  perihelion 
and  going  before  it,  as  it  recedes  from  the  sun. 

It  has  alvvays  been  claimed  by  all  astronomers 
and  physicists,  that  this  light  is  produced  by  re- 
pulsion or  expansion  of  cometary  matter  in  the 
form  of  vapor,  caused  through  excessive  heat,  or 
repulsion  of  the  sun.  I will  here  quote  from  the 
American  Science  Series  on  Astronomy,  which  is 
now  taught  in  all  our  schools. 

“The  tail  of  the  comet  is  not  a permanent  ap- 
pendage, but  is  composed  of  the  masses  of  vapor 
which  we  have  already  described  as  ascending 
from  the  nucleus,  and  afterward  moving  away 
from  the  sun.  The  tail  which  we  see  on  one  even- 
ing is  not  absolutely  the  same  we  saw  the  evening 
before,  a portion  of  the  latter  having  been  dissi- 


pated,  wliile  new  niatt(‘r  has  taken  its  place,  as 
with  the  stream  of  smoke  from  a steamship.  Tlie 
motion  of  the  vaporous  matter  wliich  forms  tlie 
tail  being  always  away  from  the  snn,  there  seems 
to  be  a repulsive  force  exerted  by  the  snn  upon 
it.  The  form  of  the  comet’s  tail,  on  the  supposi- 
tion that  it  is  composed  of  matter  driven  away 
from  the  sun  with  a uniformly  accelerated  veloc- 
ity, has  been  several  times  investigated,  and  found 
to  represent  the  observed  form  of  the  tail  so  near- 
ly as  to  leave  little  doubt  of  its  correctness.  We 
may,  therefore,  regard  it  as  an  observed  fact  that 
the  vapor  which  rises  from  the  nucleus  of  the 
comet  is  repelled  by  the  sun  instead  of  being  at- 
tracted toward  it,  as  larger  masses  are.  No  ade- 
quate explanation  of  this  repulsive  force  has  ever 
been  given.” 

This  is  acknowledging  a physical  power  of 
which  we  have  no  knowledge,  which  is  not  admis- 
sible. It  was  not  my  intention,  in  writing  this 
small  effort,  to  go  into  details  or  calculations 
which  would  draw  the  reader’s  mind  from  the 
main  points  of  facts,  and  I will  only  say  in  regard 
to  the  peculiarities  of  comets,  that  they  are  small 
bodies  of  very  light  gas,  condensed  through  ex- 
treme cold;  and  are  continually  changing  in  dens- 
ity, motions  and  appearance,  through  well  known 


71) 

l)hysit*ai  forcM^s,  and  ev(*iitiial!y  they  will,  all  of 
them,  fall  to  the  sun,  without  any  perceivable 
effect. 

If  the  moon  were  vaporized  and  thrown  into 
space  with  a density  sufficient  to  produce  a re- 
flected light  e(|ual  to  the  light  i)roduced  by  these 
comets,  it  would  not  cover  the  space  that  is  occu- 
l)ied  f)y  some  of  these  comets’  tails,  ddie  comet  of 
1S48  appnaiched  the  sun  with  a tail  200,000,0()() 
miles  long,  and  came  within  one-fourteenth  part 
of  the  sun’s  diameter  to  its  surface  and  passed  its 
perihelion  at  the  rate  of  8d()  miles  per  second. 
Now  if  this  tail  was  matter  and  connected  to  the 
comet,  the  outer  portion  of  this  tail  would  have 
to  swing  around  with  the  velocity  of  light.  This 
could  not  be  done  by  any  known  power  of  nature. 
Then  this  matter  must  have  been  left  behind  and 
forever  lost  to  the  comet.  Then  again,  it  would 
take  light  over  sixteen  minutes  to  pass  from  the 
comet  to  the  end  of  the  tail.  It  is  not  possible 
tliat  the  sun  could  repel  such  a body  of  matter, 
with  the  velocity  of  light  without  diminution 
of  the  volume  of  matter,  which  it  was  re- 
pelling. This  comet  passed  its  perihelion  around 
the  sun’s  semi-diameter  in  about  seventy  minutes, 
and  flew  into  unknown  space  with  its  tail  of 
200,000,000  miles  long  streaming  out  ahead,  as  it 


80 

receded  from  the  sun  without  the  least  apparent 
diminution  of  nucleus,  coma,  or  tail.  The  theory 
of  comets’  tails  being  composed  of  matter  which 
reflected  light,  was  the  only  theory  that  could  be 
advanced  under  the  present  theory  of  the  sun’s 
emitting  light  and  heat,  and  the  laws  that  govern 
light  and  heat.  It  was  known  that  the  sun’s 
light  did  not  shine  in  space,  and  that  there  was 
no  reflected  light  without  matter.  Then  how 
could  tliis  light  shine  in  space  without  its  being 
matter. 

Here  is  all  the  evidence  necessary  to  prove  my 
theory  of  the  cause  of  the  sun’s  light  and  heat, 
and  the  laws  and  forces  which  produce  and  govern 
all  light  and  heat.  This  theory  is,  that  the  sun  is 
an  electric  machine,  which  radiates  electric  cur- 
rents that  excite  and  cause  an  evolution  among 
ethereal  and  material  atoms,  which  evolve  into 
heat  and  light.  Electric  currents  pass  from 
the  sun  through  all  cometary  matter,  and  in 
passing  through  it  cause  a certain  amount  of 
heat  and  light,  the  same  as  it  does  in  passing 
through  our  atmosphere.  Some  of  these  com- 
ets have  a nucleus  of  such  transparency  and 
density  as  to  reinforce  the  energy  of  these  electric 
currents,  sufficient  to  disturb  the  latent  principle 
of  electricity,  which  lies  dormant  in  the  state  of 


ualiire.  These  currents  now  being  doubly  charged, 
cause  an  excitation  among  the  etliereal  atoms, 
wliich  evolve  light  heat  similar  to  phosphores- 
cent liglit.  Comets  are  continually  changing  in 
form  and  density,  and  may  form  a nucleus  that 
would  produce  two,  three,  or  more  streams  of 
light,  or  they  might  be  so  constituted,  as  to  throw 
the  light  to  one  side  of  their  line  direction,  and  as 
they  are  changeable  bodies,  so  must  be  their  light. 
A straight  line  of  light  projected  in  space,  and 
brought  to  a focal  point  of  vision,  forms  a curva- 
ture in  proportion  to  the  convexity  of  the  eye  of 
the  beholder.  The  sky  that  is  brought  within  the 
line  of  vision,  converges  to  the  eye,  which  gives 
the  appearance  of  the  sky  as  being  concave  to  this 
point  of  vision.  The  rainbow  is  a straight  hori- 
zontal line  of  light,  caused  by  the  sun’s  rays  pass- 
ing through  falling  rain,  and  is  projected  against 
the  background  of  the  sky,  which  gives  it  the  ap- 
pearance of  an  arch. 

Comets  whose  orbits  are  near,  or  within  the 
orbital  plane,  will  not  be  so  much  drawn  out  of 
their  paths,  in  each  revolution  around  the  sun, 
but  that  their  course,  and  time  of  their  perihelion 
may  be  very  nearly  calculated. 


82 


CHAPTER  XV. 

THE  OPINIONS  OF  SCIENTIFIC  MEN  HITHERTO  ON 
THE  CAUSE  OF  THE  MOTIONS  OF  THE  STARS. 

Newton.-  “But  yet  T must  profess  I know  no 
sufficient  natural  cause  (»f  the  earth’s  diurnal  ro- 
tation. The  planets  and  comets  will  constantly 
pursue  their  revolutions  in  orbits  given  in  kind 
and  position,  according  to  laws  above  explained. 
But  though  these  bodies  may  indeed  persevere  in 
their  orbits  by  the  mere  laws  of  gravity,  yet  they 
could  by  no  means  have  at  first  derived  the  regu- 
lar position  of  the  orbits  themselves  from  these 
laws.” 

Mary  Sommerville.— “This  highly  intellect- 
ual lady,  writing  of  ‘the  primitive  cause  which 
determined  the  planetary  motions,’  says,  that  ‘La- 
place has  computed  the  probability  to  be  as  4,000,- 
000  to  1,  that  all  the  motions  of  the  planets,  both 
of  rotation  and  revolution,  were  at  once  imparted 
by  an  original  common  cause,  of  which  we  know 
neither  the  nature  nor  the  epoch.’” 

Lardner.— “This  author,  in  speaking  of  the 
planets  and  satellites,  says:  ‘They  obey  the  laws 
of  gravitation,  but  they  do  much  more.  They 
all  move  in  ellipses;  those  ellipses  differ  but  very 
little  from  being  circles;  their  orbits  increase  in 
distance  from  the  sun  nearly  in  regular  progres- 
sion; those  orbits  are  nearly  in  the  same  plane, 
and  their  movements  are  in  the  same  direction. 


Accordance  so  wondrous,  and  order  so  adniirahl(‘, 
could  not  be  fortuitous,  and,  not  being  enjoined 
by  the  conditions  of  the  law  of  gravitation,  must 
either  be  ascribed  to  tlie  immediate  dictates  of 
the  Omnipotent  Architect  of  the  universe  above 
all  laws,  or  to  some  general  laws  superinduced 
upon  gravitation,  which  escaped  the  sagacity  of 
the  discoverer  of  that  principle/” 

Nichol.— “He  declares  that  not  one  of  these 
remarkable  arrangements  in  the  solar  system 
owes  its  origin  to  gravity.  For  instance,  gravity 
cannot  account  for  the  fact  that  all  the  various 
orbs,  primary  and  secondary,  move  in  ellipses  ap- 
proaching very  nearly  to  the  circular  form;  nor 
the  fact  that  all  these  orbs  revolve  in  the  same  di- 
rection around  the  sun;  nor  the  fact  that  they  all 
rotate  on  their  axes  in  the  same  direction ; nor 
that  equally  singular  ordinance  which  has  con- 
fined so  many  bodies  within  a brief  distance  of 
the  plane  of  the  sun’s  equator.  It  appears  a neces- 
sary conclusion,  that  the  cause  of  the  foregoing 
arrangements  is  something  profounder  even  than 
Newton’s  principle;  perhaps  some  remotest  fact  in 
the  history  of  the  universe.” 

Kirkwood.— “In  taking  the  most  cursory  view 
of  the  solar  system,  we  cannot  fail  to  notice  the 
following  interesting  facts: 

1.  The  sun  rotates  from  west  to  east. 

2.  The  planets  move  nearly  in  the  plane  of 
the  sun’s  equator. 

3.  The  orbital  motions  of  planets  and  satel- 
lites are  from  west  to  east. 

4.  The  rotary  motions  are  in  the  same  direction 


84 


5.  The  rings  of  Saturn  move  in  the  same  di- 
rection. 

6.  The  planetary  oi  l)its  are  nearly  circular. 

7.  Idle  cometary  orbits  have  different  pecu- 
liarities, etc. 

None  of  these  facts  are  accounted  for  by  tlie 
law  of  gravitation.  The  suiTs  attiaction  can  have 
no  influence  whatever  in  determining  either  the 
direction  of  the  planet’s  motion  or  the  eccen- 
tricity of  its  orbit.” 

Mitchell. — “In  the  outset  of  this  description 
of  the  nebular  theory,  we  must  clearly  distinguish 
between  those  phenomena  for  which  the  law  of 
universal  gravitation  is  responsible  and  those 
other  phenomena  of  the  constitution  of  the  solar 
system  in  the  explication  of  which  this  law  has 
never  been  employed.  The  solar  system  once  be- 
ing organized  as  it  now  is,  all  its  existent  and 
daily  phenomena  are  susceptible  of  explanation 
from  the  theory  of  gravity.  Here,  however,  the 
domain  of  this  law  is  bounded;  or,  at  least,  has 
hitherto  been  bounded.  There  remains  a multi- 
tude of  inquiries  demanding  answers,  for  which, 
however,  gravitation  has  not  been  deemed  ac- 
countable. For  example,  why  do  all  the  planets 
and  satellites  revolve  in  orbits  so  nearly  circular? 
So  far  as  gravitation  is  concerned,  they  might  as 
well  have  revolved  in  paraboles  or  hyperboles. 
Why  do  all  the  planets  circulate  about  the  sun  in 
the  same  direction?  How  comes  it  that  the  planes 
of  the  planetary  orbits  are  nearly  coincident? 
Gravitation  renders  no  reply.  Again  the  planets 
all  rotate  in  the  same  direction  in  which  they  re- 
volve. The  satellites  follow  the  same  analogies, 
and  even  the  sun  itself  is  in  like  manner  found  to 
rotate  on  his  axis  in  the  same  general  direction.” 


t' 

sii  , 

i , 

f:  '■ 


4 


